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JOURNAL

THE PROCEEDINGS

THE LINNEAN SOCIETY

ZOOLOGY.

4

VOL. IIL

LONDON:
LONGMAN; BROWN, GREEN, LONGMANS & ROBERTS,

AND

WILLIAMS AND NORGATE.

[/^51i-}s59.

Lo.

a - /Z

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET,

LIST OF PAPERS.

Page

Baikib, Dr.

Extract of a Letter from Dr. Baikie to Sir John Richardson,
M.D., C.B., F.R. & L.S., dated 29th October, 1857, Rabba,
on the Qworra 76

Bate, C. Spence, Esq., F.L.S.

On the Importance of an Examination of the Structure of the
Integument of Crustacea m the determination of doubtful
Species. — AppHcation to the genus Galathea, with the Descrip-
tion of a New Species of that Genus 1

Bell, Thomas, Esq., P.L.S.

Description of a new Genus of Crustacea, of the Family Pinno-
theridse ; in which the fifth pair of legs are reduced to an
almost imperceptible rudiment 27

Darwin, Charles, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S., & F.G.S., and Wallace,
Alfred R., Esq.

On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties ; and on the Per-
petuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of
Selection 45

H anbury, Daniel, Esq., F.L.S.

Note on Two Insect-products from Persia 1/8

HiGGiNS, Rev. Henry.

Death of the Common Hive Bee ; supposed to be occasioned by
a parasitic Fungus 29

Huxley, T. H., Esq., F.R.S., Professor of Natural History, Govern-
ment School of Mines.

On some points in the Anatomy of Nautilus Pompilius 36

Page

Knox, R., Esq., M.D., F.R.S.E.

Contributions to the Anatomy and Natural History of the Cetacea. 63

Smith, Frederick, Esq., Assistant in the Zoological Department in
the British Museum.

Catalogue of Hyraenopterous Insects collected at Celebes by

Mr. A. R. Wallace 4

Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects collected by Mr. A. R.
Wallace at the Islands of Aru and Key 132

Walker, Francis, Esq., F.L.S.

Catalogue of the Dipterous Insects collected in the Aru Islands

by Mr. A. R. Wallace, with Descriptions of New Species 71

Catalogue of the Heterocerous Lepidoptera collected at Singapore

by Mr. A. R. Wallace, with Descriptions of New Species 183

Catalogue of the Heterocerous Lepidopterous Insects collected
at Malacca by Mr. A. R. Wallace, with Descriptions of New

Species 196

Wallace, Alfred R., Esq., and Darwin, Charles, Esq., F.R.S.,
F.L.S., & F.G.S.

On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the
Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of
Selection 45

Washington, Captain.

Natural-History Extracts from the Journal of Captain Denham,

H.M. Surveying Vessel * Herald,' 1857 32

Wetherell, John W., Esq.

Notice of the occurrence of recent Worm Tracks in the Upper
Part of the London Clay Formation near Highgate 31

Index 199

PROCEEDINGS

OP THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON

November 5th, 1857.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

The Secretary announced that during the recess an additional
pair of Cabinets for the Society's Collection of Fruits and Seeds
bad been presented by Thomas Corbyn Janson, Esq., E.L.S. ; and
the special thanks of the Society were directed to be presented to
Mr. Janson for this useful and acceptable present.

Dr. Berthold Seemann, E.L.S., read a detailed report of his
visit to Montreal, as the representative of the Lianean Society at
the Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of
Science in that city, of which the following is an abstract : —

Availing himself of the free passage placed at the disposal of
the Linnean Society by the liberality of the British and North
American Eoyal Mail Steam Packet Company, Dr. Seemann em-
barked at Liverpool on the 25tli of July, on board the ' Persia,'
and arrived at New York on the 5th of August. Thence he
continued his journey by railway, via Albany and Burlington, to
Montreal, which he reached a few days previous to the commence-
ment of the meeting, and was most hospitably received, and treated
with much consideration by the Local Committee, including Sir
AYilliam Logan, E.B.S. (the Chairman), the Lord Bishop of Mon-
treal, Professor Dawson, and other distinguished men. On the
11th, Dr. Seemalin was introduced by Lieut.-Colonel Munro,

LINN. PEOC. a

11 PEOOEEDINaS OF THE

F.L.S., at his conversazione ^ to Professor Caswell, of New Pro-
vidence, the Acting President, and to Professor Levering, of
Cambridge, Massachusetts, the Secretary of the Meeting ; and on
the following day presented to them the official letter of the
President of the Linnean Society, of which he was the bearer.
Both gentlemen expressed themselves highly gratified with the
attention shown by the Linnean Society in sending a delegate to
the meeting, and showed him marked attention during its con-
tinuance. He was also introduced in his official capacity to Sir
"W. Eyre, K.C.B., Acting Governor- General of Canada, who com-
plimented the Linnean Society on the encouragement given by it
to the first meeting of the American Association held on British
ground. The meetings were held in the New Court House at
Montreal, commencing on the 12th of August and lasting for a
week. Professor Caswell opened the session with a powerful
speech, in the course of which he announced the presence of
delegates from the Geological and Linnean Societies of London,
and introduced Professor E-amsay and Dr. Seemann to the meeting.
In his reply. Dr. Seemann took occasion to express the high
esteem and respect of the Linnean Society for the American Asso-
ciation, and the deep interest vrith which the Society regarded its
labours, and to offer in the name and on the behalf of the Linnean
Society the most sincere wishes for the unabated continuance of
that success which had hitherto attended it. The number of
members attending the meeting amounted to upwards of five
hundred, the greater part of whom had come from the United
States, although Canada and the other British provinces of North
America were, in proportion to their extent and population,
equally well represented. It was generally considered to be one
of the most successful meetings that had been held in any part of
the American continent. Geologists were in great force; Phy-
sicists and Ethnologists were also numerous; but there was a
comparatively small attendance of Botanists and Zoologists. Dr.
Seemann attended daily, and at one of the meetings read a Paper
" On the so-called Parthenogenesis in Animals and Plants," in
which he presented a summary of the present state of that inter-
esting question. Two other Eellows of the Linnean Society were
also present at the meeting, viz. the Eev. William Hincks, Pro-
fessor of Natural History in the University of Toronto, and Lieut.-
Colonel Munro, in command of the 39th Begiment, stationed at
Montreal, both of whom showed Dr. Seemann great attention.
Of our Foreign Members, there were present, Professor Dana, of

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ill

New Haven (elected President of the Natural History Section),
and Dr. Torrey of New York. Of the scientific bodies of Europe
which had been invited to send delegates to this meeting, the
Geological and Linnean Societies of London were the only ones
that responded to the call, and their representatives were also the
only Members who had come from Europe for the occasion. The
cordial reception which they met with, and the universal desire
expressed by the Americans for a more frequent intercourse with
their European brethren in science, took, on the occasion of the
last Greneral Meeting, a substantive form in the following Reso-
lution, moved by Professor Bache of Washington, and carried
by unanimous consent : — " That the American Association recog-
nizes with peculiar satisfaction the presence of eminent scientific
men from the Old World who have honoured this meeting with
their attendance, and it hopes that now, since the ice has been
broken, these meetings of fraternity among men of science from
different continents will be more frequent." On the 20th of
August, after the termination of the meeting. Dr. Seemann left
Montreal for the Palls of Niagara, the managers of the railroads
and steam-boats on the route kindly placing a free pass at his
disposal. Thence he proceeded, by way of Buffalo and Indianopolis,
to St. Louis, Missouri, where the Academy of Natural Sciences
elected him a Corresponding Member. On the 1st of September
he quitted St. Louis for New York to pay a visit to Dr. Torrey,
and from thence proceeded to Boston, where he was kindly re-
ceived by Professor Asa Gray. On the 9th he went on board the
steamer * America,' and after touching at Halifax, reached Liver-
pool on the 22nd of the same month, after an absence from
England of fifty-nine days.

The thanks of the Society were voted to Dr. Seemann for the
readiness with which he had undertaken, and the ability with
which he had executed his mission.

Bead, first, a " Note on the Occurrence of PJiyllosoma commune
on the coast of Cornwall;" by Jonathan Couch, Esq., P.L.S.
(See " Zoological Proceedings," vol. ii. p. 146.)

Bead, secondly, the commencement of a Memoir *' On the
Agamic Eeproduction of Aphides;" by T. H. Huxley, Esq.,
E.B.S. Communicated by Professor Busk, Zool. Sec. L.S. (See
" Transactions," vol. xxii. p. 191.)

a 2

IV PEOCEEDINGS Or THE

November lOth, 1857.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Charles Knight, Esq. ; George G. Macpherson, Esq. ; and
Wilfred Dakin Speer, Esq., were elected Eellows.

Eead the following letter from Lady Smith, the widow of the
Founder of the Society : —

« Lowestoft, 12th November, 1857.

" Gentlemen, — I hope you will do me the honour to accept
the accompanying nineteen volumes, comprising the whole of Sir
J. E. Smith's scientific correspondence from the time of his be-
coming possessed of the Collections of Linnaeus tiU his death in
1828. There are some among your number who, I believe, will
peruse these letters with a pleasure nearly equal to that I have
enjoyed in arranging them for the present object. They bear
ample testimony to the correctness of an observation Sir James
made long ago — ' That the pursuit of Natural History is an
unerring clue to an intercourse with the best minds.' A spirit
of afiection and respect flows through the whole correspondence,
so that those who may take no interest in the pursuits that
occasioned this intercourse, will nevertheless be attracted by the
warmth of friendship, the confidence and personal attachment and
esteem that pervade the whole.

" I have two conditions to propose concerning these volumes.
The first is, that they shall not be taken from the Society's rooms
for perusal.

" The second, that if in the course of events the Society of which
you are members should cease to exist, or merge into any other
Society, I wish these volumes to escape being dispersed, and desire
they may be placed in the British Museum with the library of
Sir Joseph Banks, and there preserved.

" Trusting that such a disposition of them may long be averted
by your continuance as a Society, in which I feel the deepest
interest, I remain, Gentlemen^ with great respect,

" Tour faithful Servant,
(Signed) " Pleasanoe Smith."

" To the President cmd Fellows of the Linnean Society ^

On the motion of Dr. Boott, seconded by C. Cardale Babington,

LLNKEAN SOCIETY OE LONDON. V

Esq., it was resolved that the cordial and affectionate thanks of
the Society be given to Lady Smith for her invaluable present.

Head, first, a " Notice of Pour Yarieties of British Plants ;" by
John Hogg, Esq., M.A., P.E.S., P.L.S. (See "Botanical Pro-
ceedings," vol. ii. p. 133.)

E/cad, secondly, a " Notice of a Monstrosity of Scahiosa succisa,
L., and of some other Vegetable Monstrosities;" by Professor
Bentley, P.L.S.

Eead, thirdly, a " Note on a diseased bunch of Grrapesj" by
M. T. Masters, Esq. Communicated by the Secretary.

Bead, fourthly, " A short Exposition of the Structure of the
Ovule and Seed-coats of Magnolia ;" by Asa Gray, M.D., P.M.L.S.
(See " Botanical Proceedings," vol. ii. p. 106.)

Head, fifthly, " Notes of a Botanical Eamble in the North of
Spain;" by Joseph Woods, Esq., F.L.S. (See "Botanical Pro-
ceedings," vol. ii. p. 111.)

December 3rd, 1857.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Thomas Allis, Esq., and Henry Letheby, Esq., M.B., were
elected Pellows.

Professor Owen, P.E.S., F.L.S., exhibited specimens of the pods
of Oleditsia triaccmthos, L., which had ripened fully and abundantly
in his garden in Eichmond Park, during the present year. ^

Eead, first, " Observations on Entozoa^ with descriptions of
several new species;" by Thomas S. Cobbold, Esq., M.D., P.L.S.
(See " Transactions," vol. xxii. p. 155.)

E^ad, secondly, a Paper " On the genus of Annelida^ named
'.Palolo ' by the Samodas ;" by J. D. M'Donald, Esq. Communi-
cated by George Busk, Esq., P.E.S., Zool. Sec. L.S. (See
" Transactions," vol. xxii. p. .)

yi PROCEEDINGS OF THE

December 17th, 1857.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Edward "William Cooke, Esq., A.E.A., and Francis Day, Esq.,
were elected Fellows.

E^ad, first, a Memoir " On the Zoology of New Guinea;" by
Philip Lutley Sclater, Esq., M.A., F.L.S. (See " Zoological Pro-
ceedings," vol. ii. p. 149.)

Eead, secondly, a " Botanical Eeport on the North- Australian
Expedition, under the command of A. C. Gregory, Esq. ;" by Dr.
Ferdinand Miiller, Botanist to the Expedition. Communicated
by the Colonial Office. (See " Botanical Proceedings," vol. ii.
p. 137.)

Eead, thirdly, " Notes on Dr. Asa- Gray's Observations on the
Ovules and Seed-coats of Magnolia ;" by John Miers, Esq., F.E.S.,
F.L.S.

January 21st, 1858.

Thomas BeU, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Walter Lowry Buller, Esq. ; "William Charles Hood, Esq., M.D. ;
William Lauder Lindsay, Esq., M.D. ; John Lubbock, Esq.; Buxton
Shillitoe, Esq. ; and Francis Cornelius Webb, Esq., M.D., were
elected Fellows.

Among the presents were specimens of the fruits of Physianthus
albens and StepJianotis Jlorihunda, ripened in Cornwall, the former
in the open air and the latter in a greenhouse, presented by Mrs.
Fox, of Grove Hill, near Falmouth ; of the fruit of Koelreuteria
paniculata, ripened (for the first time) during the past autumn,
in Chelsea Garden, presented by Thomas Moore, Esq., F.L.S. ;
and a specimen of the fruit of Ailcmtus glandulosa, ripened, last
autumn, at Stoke Newington, near London, presented by Eichard
Kippist, Esq., Librarian L.S.

Eead, first, an Extract of a Letter from Dr. Baikie to Sir John

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. VU

Eichardson, M.D., C.B., F.E.S. and E.L.S., dated 29th October,
1857, at Eabba on the Quorra, giving some account of tbe pro-
ceedings of the Expedition under his charge up to that date. (See
" Zoological Proceedings," vol. iii. p. 76.)

Eead, secondly, a Note " On the importance of a Microscopic
Study of the Integuments in Crustacea;" by T. Spence Bate,
Esq., E.L.S. (See " Zoological Proceedings," vol. iii. p. 1.)

Eead, thirdly, the conclusion of Professor Huxley's Memoir
" On the Agamic Eeproduction oi Aphides \'^ commenced at the
meeting of November 6th, 1857.

February 4th, 1858.
Francis Boott, Esq., M.D., Vice-President, in the Chair.
Peter Squire, Esq., was elected a Fellow.

Eead, first, a Memoir " On the Shell-bearing Molluscous Animals
with reference to Structure and Form ;" by Eobert Garner, Esq.,
F.L.S.

Eead, secondly, an Extract of a Letter addressed to Professor
Bentley, F.L.S., by Mr. Barter, the Naturalist accompanying the
Expedition up the Quorra, dated Eabba, September 29th, 1857.

Eead, thirdly, a Paper " On the Question whether Linnaaus, in
a spirit of ill-will, altered the spelling of the name of the genus
IBuffoniaV by Mons. A. L. A. Fee, Professor of Botany of the
Faculty of Medicine at Strasburg. Communicated by Thomas
Moore, Esq., F.L.S. (See " Botanical Proceedings," vol. ii. p. 183.)

Eead, lastly, a " Note on M. Fee's communication;" by John
Joseph Bennett, Esq., F.E.S., Sec. L.S. (See "Botanical Pro-
ceedings," vol. ii. p. 188.)

February 18th, 1858.
William Baird, Esq., Member of Council, in the Chair.
Alexander Fry, Esq., was elected a Fellow.

Vlll PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Eead, first, a Memoir " On the Muscles of the Larvae of several
species of Tipulidcje ;'' by John Lubbock, Esq., P.L.S. (See
" Transactions," vol. xxii. p. 173.)

Head, secondly, a "Note on the genus Hemigymnia, Griffith;"
by Thomas Thomson, Esq., M.D., E.E.S., E.L.S. (See " Botanical
Proceedings," vol. ii. p. 126.)

Eead, thirdly, a Paper " On the probable Metamorphoses of
Fedicula/ria and other genera of Gasteropoda ;" by J. D. M'Donald,
Esq., E.N. Communicated by George Busk, Esq., E.E.S., Zool.
Sec. L.S. (See "Transactions," vol. xxii. p. .)

Eead, fourthly, a " Monograph of the Eucalypti of Tropical
Australia ;" by Eerdinand Miiller, Ph.D. Communicated by Dr.
Hooker, Y.P.E.S., E.L.S. (See " Botanical Proceedings," vol. iii.
p. 81.)

Eead, fifthly, a Paper " On the Anatomy of Eurylia Oaudi-
cJiaudiy as bearing on the position of the JBteropoda\'^ by J. D.
M'Donald, Esq., E.N. Communicated by the Zoological Secre-
tary. (See '.'Transactions," vol. xxii. p. .)

March 4th, 1858.
J. D. Hooker, Esq., Member of Council, in the Chair.

Mr. Allan Black was elected an Associate.

Mr. Ward, E.E.S., presented specimens of White or Eat Turf
from the Island of Yalentia in the west of Ireland ; and a letter
was read addressed to Mr. Ward by Dr. Lecky, giving some
account of the substance.

Eead, first, a Note " On Pseudocentrum, a new genus of Orchi-
dacecB from Peru;" by Professor Lindley, E.E.S., E.L.S. (See
" Botanical Proceedings," vol. iii. p. 63.)

Eead, secondly, a second part of Professor Lindley' s " Contri-
butions to the Orchidology of India." (See "Botanical Proceed-
ings," vol. iii. p. 1.)

LINNEiLN SOCIETY OF LONDON. IX

Bead, thirdly, a Memoir "On the Tribe Legnotidece ;" by George
Bentham, Esq., E.L.S. (See "Botanical Proceedings," vol. iii.
p. 65.)

Read, fourthly, a " Synopsis of the Fructification of the com-
pound Sphcerice of the Hookerian Herbarium;" by Frederick
Currey, Esq., F.L.S. (See " Transactions," vol. xxii. p. .)

March 18th, 1858.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

John Cockle, Esq., M.D., and William Hitchman, Esq., M.D.,
were elected Eellows.

Among the presents was a cast of a Bu st of the late Dr. Pereira,
E.E.S., F.L.S., presented by Mrs. Pereira, to whom the cordial
thanks of the Society were voted for her very acceptable present.

B«ad, first, " Contributions to the Anatomy and Natural His-
tory of the Cetacea-;' by Eobert Knox, M.D., E.E.S.E. Com-
municated by the Secretary. (See " Zoological Proceedings,"
vol. iii. p. 63.)

Eead, secondly, "A Note on the genus Ahuta:,^'' by N. Grrise-
bach. Professor of Botany in the University of Gottingen. Com-
municated by Dr. Hooker, E.L.S. (See " Botanical Proceedings,"
vol. iii. p. 108.)

April 1st, 1858.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Eobert "W. Hall, Esq., was elected a Eellow.

Mr. Bentham, E.L.S., exhibited specimens of AsterantJios, Desf.,
collected by Mr. Spruce on the B/io Negro in Northern Brazil
and read some observations on its history and affinities. (See
"Botanical Proceedings," vol. iii. p. 80.)

Eead, "Contributions to Organographic Botany;" by Chris-
topher Dresser, Esq. Communicated by the Secretary.

X PROCEEDINGS OF THE

AprH 15th, 1858.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

"WiUiam Frederick Saunders, Esq., was elected a EeUow.

Eead, first, a " Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects, collected
at Celebes by Mr. A. R. Wallace;" by Frederick Smith, Esq.
Communicated by W. "W. Saunders, Esq., V.P.L.S. (See " Zoo-
logical Proceedings," vol. iii. p. 4.)

Eead, secondly, a Paper " On some tuberiform "Vegetable Pro-
ductions from China;" by the Ilev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., E.L.S.
(See " Botanical Proceedings," vol. iii. p. 102.)

Eead, thirdly, "Notes on Arctic Plants;" by George Dickie,
M.D., A.L.S., Prof. Nat. Hist. Queen's CoU. Belfast. (See
" Botanical Proceedings," vol. iii. p. 109.)

May 6th, 1858.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Eardley G. Culling Eardley, Esq., was elected a EeUow ; and
Professor Albert KoeUiker, and Professor Karl Theodor Ernest
von Siebold, were elected Foreign Members.

S. James A. Salter, Esq., E.L.S., exhibited a living specimen of
a species of Eat, frequently observed of late on board of vessels in
British ports, and made some observations on the characters by
which it is distinguished from the original British Eat (Mus
Battus, L.).

Eead, first, " Contributiones ad Acaciarum Australise cogni-
tionem;" by Dr. Ferdinand MiiUer. Communicated by George
Bentham, Esq., F.L.S. (See " Botanical Proceedings," vol. iii. p. .)

Eead, secondly, a Note " On a new species of Bellevalia from
Mount Ida;" by Maxwell T. Masters, Esq. Communicated by
the Secretary. (See " Botanical Proceedings," vol. iii. p. 113.)

Eead, thirdly, an "Enumeration of the Mosses of India;" by
WiUiam Mitten, A.L.S. (See " Botanical Proceedings," Supple-
ment for 1858.)

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XI

May 24th, 1858.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

This day, the Anniversary of the birth of Linnaeus, and the day
appointed by the Charter for the Election of Council and Officers,
the President opened the business of the Meeting with the fol-
lowing Address : —

G-ENTLEMEN,

"When I first ventured to break through the previous custom of
the Society, by offering an address to the Eellows at the Anni-
versary, I felt that I must not depend upon always finding, in the
annual retrospect of our own doings, sufficient subject for the
occupation and amusement of the time allotted to that object.

On one or two former occasions I had indeed many circum-
stances of interest to communicate to you, relative to our removal
to the place of what I trust may prove our permanent abode, and
I last year took the advantage which that event offered me, of
adverting to the foundation, development and results of our
Society. As long as our circumstances were changing and our
final destiny was in abeyance or suspense, there were subjects
constantly presenting themselves sufficiently interesting to occupy
a due portion of the time which intervenes between the initiatory
routine of the day's business, and the final ceremony of the open-
ing of the ballot glasses. But the very settlement of our diffi-
culties, and the solution of our doubts, whilst filling us with the
happy sense of the fruition of our hopes and wishes, deprive me
of such themes for my address, and throw me again upon the
consideration of some of those means of increasing the prosperity
and thus extending the usefulness of our Society, which are indi-
cated by daily experience, and the ever-changing and progressing
march of natural knowledge.

"When I last addressed you on a similar occasion to the present,
we had just entered upon the occupation of our new abode. We
could not then consider ourselves settled, scarcely even secure ;
but a twelvemonth's occupancy has now removed all doubt of the
absolute enjoyment of the advantages which we then only believed
in, and might almost tempt us to yield to a feeling of quiet and
satisfied security, and to adopt the sentiment of the Poet,

" Invenimus portum ; spes et fortuna, valete ! "

XU PEOCEEI>INaS OF THE

But if any such feeling of finality in our labours could ever
enter tlie mind or pervade the feelings of the Society, surely no-
thing could be more entirely misplaced, nothing more calculated
to interfere witli the fulfilment of our great mission, and to para-
lyse those efforts without which we must fail in carrying out the
objects of our corporate existence. It is, indeed, in our present
improved condition, with an increased income, enlarged communi-
cation with the scientific world, and a closer association with
other scientific bodies, employed like ourselves zealously and con-
stantly in the advancement of knowledge, — with responsibilities
increased in proportion to our means and the requirements of
scientific progress, — that we ought to recognize an irresistible
claim upon our energies, and fresh inducements to enter, with all
our powers, and with all the zeal which so noble an object de-
mands, upon the fulfilment of the duties which are imposed upon
us, and which we have solemnly accepted as our own.

That it is unnecessary, however, to employ any argument to
remind the Society of those duties, or to stimulate it to their
fulfilment, is proved by the state of activity and vigour by which
it is at present characterized. The number and importance of the
communications which have occupied our ordinary meetings, where
we have no longer the necessity of listening to, or {proh pudor !)
of nodding over the fortunately interminable commentary on the
Hortus Malabaricus, which served for so many years as a piece
de resistance, not to say a stop-gap, to prevent the formal expose
of our occasional literary bankruptcy, — these circumstances, with
the usually satisfactory attendance at our meetings, show a degree
of active vitality which is at once a cause of thankful satisfaction
and of hopeful anticipation.

With reference to the latter portion of our functions, there is,
however, one point which calls for observation, and has been a
source of great regret. I aUuded to it at the last Anniversary,
and made some observations upon the subject, to which I am
sorry to have again to recur. I mean the comparative paucity of
zoological communications when contrasted with the number and
extent of those devoted to the sister science.

The high character of many of those zoological papers which
we have received, does not render it less a matter for serious con-
sideration, whether some plan might not be adopted to effect an
improvement in so important an element of our functions. That
the principal cause of the deficiency is to be sought in the same
direction as that to which I pointed on the former occasion, can-

LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. XIU

not be doubted. I mean tbe existence and working of minQj?
societies ; one pursuing a single isolated branch of zoology ; another
adopting an exclusive means of investigation, and thereby con-
tracting its sphere of information on any particular branch ; and
a third taking up the whole extent of the Animal Kingdom,
an^ thus antagonizing directly and throughout its entire scope,
that important portion of our own field of action; for there is
scarcely a meeting of any one of these departmental Societies,
as I may term them, at which there are not communications
read, which would deserve a place in our own Transactions or
Journal.

This subject has long engaged my most auxious attention, and
I cannot but hope that some plan might be wrouglit out, which
would enable this Society to afford tlie great advantage of its
aQkn.owledged prestige, and the extensive circulation of its publi-
cations, to many of the more important of the communications to
which I refer. I do nob profess satisfactorily to have matured
any such plan ; but I Jiave thought much on the subject, and have
conferred with those whom I thought likely to afford me available
counsel ; and I will now take the libedy of laying before you some
thoughts respecting it, which, though crude, may induce those
whom. I address to give it their consideration, and thus probably
lead to some practicable and available expedient.

At the same time it must be acknowledged that there are great
difficulties in the way of such an adjustment. The whole subject
of the relation between minor or branch societies and the parent
or central one, and the question of the utility to Science of such
dismemberment are involved in it. This is a matter to be ap-
proached with diffident and cautious, but I trust not without
hopeful consideration.

On the motives which usually lead to the establishment of
such societies it is not necessary to dwell at any length, and in
some instances I fear that any such investigation would appear
an invidious one. It it more important to endeavour to discover
the means by which such diversion of the stream of knowledge
into smaller collateral channels, shall be rendered innocuous or
useful, and temptation to further subdivision diminished.

It is an argument commonly urged by the advocates of such
dissociation as we are now considering, that it comes within the
same category as the great general question of the advantages
resulting from the subdivision of labour ; but it appears to me
that the analogy is altogether unreal, or at most very partial in

XIV PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

its application. "Were a Society, engaged in the promotion of any
great department of science, made to consist of various sections,
to each of which should appertain the cultivation of one indivi-
dual branch, and each contributing its gains to the general treasury
of the whole body, the analogy would be true and comprehensible.
But far different from this is the case before us.

In the present instance the contributions of the different sec-
tions are wholly diverse in their direction and aim ; and the indi-
vidual bodies, so far from deriving strength and efficiency from
their separate action, are weakened like the segregated sticks of
the bundle in the fable, by the absence of mutual support and
cooperation.

That a sincere anxiety and singleness of endeavour for the ac-
quisition and spread of scientific knowledge is the worthy motive
which induces many a zealous naturalist to join in and promote
the subdivision in question, cannot for a moment be doubted.
The overwhelming mass of daily additions to our knowledge of
mere isolated facts, the constant influx of newly discovered species,
having no obvious bearing on any question of moment, the geo-
graphical distribution of individual forms, the periodicity of the
various phases of animal functions and habits, and a thousand
other circumstances which, although unimportant in their indi-
vidual and unassociated entities, are yet worth preserving as
truths, or as having some future possible bearing upon more im-
portant generalization, appear to require some means by which
their record may be established and their publicity secured ; and
this necessity has doubtless its bearing upon the utility of asso-
ciations having for their object the fixing and utilizing of such
otherwise evanescent units of knowledge. But it becomes again
a question whether their preservation might not be equally pro-
vided for, without the expense both of time and money which is
contingent upon the working of so many distinct bodies.

This observation leads me to consider for a moment another,
and I have reason to believe a very general reason for the exclusive
association of good and zealous men with some of the minor
societies. I mean the small comparative expense to which they
are subjected. This certainly appears, on the face of it, a very
plausible reason for abstaining from a union with the larger and
more expensive institutions. The difference between three gui-
neas and one guinea annually is so considerable, that I doubt not
there are many sincere and devoted naturalists to whom it would
just present the alternative between the propriety and prudence

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XV

of expending the one or the other in the enjoyment of their
favourite pursuit.

For myself, I have always been the advocate for reducing the
annual subscription in Scientific Societies to the lowest sum con-
sistent with the efficient carrying out of their objects ; and I have
not only entertained myself, but proposed for the consideration of
my colleagues, the question whether some reduction might not be
adopted in our own annual contribution or entrance fee. My
full conviction, however, is that under existing circumstances
such reduction is utterly impracticable ; but how far this desirable
end would be furthered by the members of the minor societies
joining us, and thus at once increasing our income and strength-
ening our efficiency, is, I submit, worthy their consideration.
Besides this, if we even adhere to the argument of the quid pro
quo, it must be recollected that the Transactions and other
publications of those Societies are not presented to the members
without payment, whereas ours, often of considerable pecuniary
as well as intrinsic value, are given to every contributing Member
without additional expense. Surely these advantages, which ap-
peal to the mere financial motive, in addition to the free use
of all the noble libraries now collected within these walls, are
more than an equivalent for the additional annual expense.
You will at once perceive that these remarks are only partially
appKcable. There are some Institutions with pursuits collateral
with our own, which have not even the pecuniary plea for
separation.

I am too well aware, however, of the importance of the contri-
butions to Natural Science emanating from the various societies
to which I have referred, to look with indifference or lack of re-
spect upon their labours. I know fuU well that many of the most
important works of the first naturalists of our age and country
have come before the public under the auspices of these associa-
tions ; that the Transactions of the Zoological Society are half-
filled with the contributions of the most eminent naturalists of
this country ; that those of the Microscopical and Entomological
Societies contain papers of great value on recondite physiological
subjects, or learned generalizations on some of the most interest-
ing branches of Natural History. But it must be remembered
that the separate working of each of these bodies is attended
with great expense, independent of that which is required by the
mere publication of each individual paper in connexion with others,
and that this expense would be greatly lessened in each case,

XYl PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

were the power by which the separate bodies are moved, concen-
trated into one great machine.

In Botanical Science this distribution of the means of recording
discovery has not been thought necessary ; and it would certainly
appear somewhat strange if we were to hear of the formation of a
Eanunculaceous Society, as distinguished from a Liliaceous, or even
a Ciyptogamic as independent of, and antagonistic to, a Phanero-
gamic Society. Yet, viewed with relation to the true principles
of classification, there appears to be no more incongruity in these
absurd examples, than in the separation of the Entomologists from
other cultivators of Natural History, and still m.ore, the subdivi-
sion of the former into Coleopterists and Lepidopterists, and the
latter into as many branchlets as there are groups in the gTeat
order of scaled-winged insects.

In the vegetable kingdom, the Linnean Society is the main
recipient of contributions to that important branch of natural
science in this country ; and I rejoice as heartily as the most ex-
clusive votary at the shrine of Flora, at the vigorous strides which
that charming science is making, and at the high character of the
papers in that department of Natural History which appear in
our own publications. I feel it to be matter of honest congratu-
lation, that the Society has been so long, and still continues to be,
the medium of thus contributing to the diifusion of botanical
knowledge throughout the world. It is not because I have been
led more particularly into the study of animal existences, that I
can have any wish to see Zoology occupy an undue or predominant
situation in our proceedings here. It would ill become me, in
the position in which you have done me tbe honour to place me,
to exhibit or to feel any partiality for either. Not Dido herself
could have uttered with more sincerity than I do, " Tros Tyriusve
mihi nullo discrimine agetur." It Las, I hope, been the guiding
principle of my conduct, certainly of my intentions, since I have
occupied this chair ; but I cannot but consider it most desirable
and important that a Society like ours, professedly devoted equally
to the two branches, and with all the machinery necessary for the
equal promotion of both, should not Lave its means curtailed, and
its usefulness impaired in relation either to one or the other.
The relative number of contributions to our Society during the
past year in the two departments, exclusive of statements of
isolated facts, or passing and ephemeral subjects, gives force to
my present appeal, and shows the reality of my complaint.

In the remarks which I have considered it my duty to make

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XVll

upon this difficult and somewliat distasteful subject, I hope it is
unnecessary for me to declare that I have not been actuated by
any feeling inconsistent with a full appreciation of, and sincere
respect for, those scientific bodies on whose relation to ourselves
I have animadverted, and of admiration of the results of their
labours. Still less is it possible that I could entertain any feeling
of personal or corporate rivalry. Many of the most distinguished
members of those very Institutions are our fellow-members here,
our personal friends and joint labourers in the same field. Nay,
many are at this moment within the hearing of the unpalatable
truths which I have felt called upon to utter. But I have consi-
dered it right to speak plainly my thoughts upon a matter which
has long caused me great anxiety, and to which, perhaps from long
pondering upon it, I may have been led to attribute what others
may deem a more than deserved importance.

And now it may be reasonably demanded, after all that has
been said on the disadvantages of such divisions as I have been
deprecating, supposing all that has been asked to be granted,
what means are proposed to meet the difficulty and to obviate the
asserted evil ? This is, indeed, a much more perplexing and com-
plicated question ; and I am free to confess that I, for one, am
not prepared with any immediate practicable remedy. There are,
however, some suggestions which have occurred to my mind in re-
flecting upon the subject, which, with great diffidence and a deep
sense of all the vagueness and obscurity that hangs about them, I
will venture to offer.

In the first place, even acknowledging on the one hand all the
evils of the system which I have assumed, these Societies do exist,
and have existed long enough to be firmly established. They are
working and working with good eflfect. There are honest, truthful,
talented, enlightened men engaged in that working. They consti-
tute a great and important fact ; — and must be dealt with, if at
all, as associate and fellow Institutions with our own. What I am
anxious to see is, not their present antagonism, but their union
with us, as far as practicable, in such a relation as shall be mutu-
ally advantageous. Not as at present, the child taking food from
the parent's mouth, — not the sucker depriving the tree from
which it springs of its nourishment and growth and strength.

One of the most obvious means suggesting itself for carrying
out this object, is that the Societies in question should, in such
manner as they may see best, communicate to the Linnean So-
ciety such papers as appear particularly calculated for publication

LINN. PROO. *

XVlll PROCEEDINaS OF THE

in our Transactions or Proceedings. There are three Societies
especially, from which papers might, on this plan, be communi-
cated, — the Zoological, the Entomological and the Microscopical.
With regard to the first of these, it would be impossible for us,
without considerable pecuniary assistance, to publish the luxuri-
ously beautiful illustrations which, from the pencil of the first
animal draughtsman of this or perhaps any former period, have,
for some years, rendered the octavo publication of that Society
the most beautiful and elegant periodical work on the Natural
History of Animals that has ever appeared. Nor does it seem
necessary or desirable, even were it possible, that the description
and figuring of every new species should devolve upon the Lin-
nean Society. There are many very valuable papers requiring
few and inexpensive or perhaps not any illustrations, which, from
their more abstract scientific character, would form suitable and
important matter for our publications ; and these may either be
read at the meetings of both the Societies, or sent directly to us
from the Publication Committee of the other Society ; or it may
be so far understood that papers of this description are not con-
sidered as their legitimate object, as that authors would send their
papers immediately to us.

The proposal of this change in the publishing province of that
important Institution, cannot be considered as in any degree dis-
respectful to its scientific members. It is in fact perfectly consist-
ent with a step in the same direction which the authorities of the
Society have themselves adopted. By the recent discontinuance
of the quarto Transactions, they have virtually implied the future
refusal of such papers as require quarto illustrations; and the
change which I have now suggested is only another step in ad- ■
vance of their own progress. They have repudiated a certain
class of papers upon no principle whatever having relation to
either the matter or design or character of such papers ; but only
with reference to the size of the plates required for their illustra-
tion ; and there can be no sacrifice of principle involved in the
further change suggested, but only an extension upon principle
of a course already arbitrarily commenced. And it must not be
forgotten that the whole scientific element of that great Society
(the abolition of which element, be it remembered, is not within
the terms of my proposition) is but an adjunct to its original
constitution and aim, organized too by an almost suicidal act of
the Zoological body of this Society, who converted a very pro-
mising auxiliary of their own raising into a powerful and successful

LINNEAN SOCIETT OF LONDOK. XIX

rival. But I will not trouble you by a recapitulation of the ob-
servations which I made on this fact last year ; I recur to it prin-
cipally to show that the two characters in which the Zoological
Society appeals to the public are essentially different, and that
there is no more congruity in such an association, than there would
be if the Horticultural Society were now to attempt to combine
with that useful practical character which has rendered it so de-
servedly popular, a more purely scientific element, and, usurping
the functions of our own botanical department, receive and pub-
lish such papers as now find their place in our own Transactions.
With respect to other Societies having the same relation to
ours as regards their objects, a similar course, mutatis mutandis,
might be adopted ; but it is unnecessary that I should further
take up your time by suggesting details, the discussion of which,
whatever might be the result of the consideration of the general
principle, would at present be wholly premature.

The great importance of the object of these observations pre-
vents me from wholly passing over two other ideas which have
occurred to my mind, and, in various modifications, to the minds
of others, but which at present appear so impracticable, and to
require for their fulfilment so large a change in the present work-
ing of the Society, that I cannot for a moment entertain them
as worthy of serious discussion. In the first place, it has been
questioned whether the desirable result of bringing those conge-
nial Societies, which are now separated from us, within our own
sphere, might not be obtained by offering to those of their exist-
ing members who have been such for a given number of years,
the remission or reduction of the entrance fee, supposing that, on
being proposed and balloted for, they should be elected as Fellows
of this Society. The other proposal has been, to form a new body
of Associates, for the admission of such persons as, cultivating any
branch of Natural History, are willing to join our Society, paying
a smaller annual contribution, and having limited advantages. I
do not enter into any detailed plan as connected with either of
these proposals, because I do not believe that it would be possible
or desirable to carry them out ; but I thought it my duty to lay
before you whatever had occurred to myself or others, as a means
for obviating the difficulty in which the present state of things
has placed us.

I must repeat, that I consider the serious imperative mission
of this Society, as the centre of Natural History Science in this
country, to consist in taking every available means, honestly and

h2

XX PEOCEE DINGS OF THE

earnestly and with a high and unselfish aim, to further the advance
of those branches of science to which it is devoted. If circum-
stances are found to exist which interfere with the fulfilment of
this object, it becomes our duty to endeavour by all the fair and
honourable means in our power to obviate them. I have ap-
proached the subject on which I have so long detained you with
great diffidence and reluctance. I am well aware that I may have
laid myself open to misapprehension, but I felt it imperative upon
me, placed where I am by your confidence and good opinion, to
give you unreservedly my feelings and thoughts upon a matter in
which I believe the welfare of the Society, and consequently the
progress of Natural History, are in a greater or less degree in-
volved; and I have only now to say, "liberavi animam meam,"
and to leave the subject in your hanc^p. And now, Grentlemen, I
apply myself with great pleasure to matters of a more agreeable
character.

It is with great satisfaction that I call your attention to what I
hsLve always considered a very important and useful portion of our
Museum department, and one peculiarly appropriate to the origi-
nal object of this Society as distinctly expressed in our charter,
which defines that object to be " the cultivation of the Science of
Natural History in all its branches, and more especially of the
Natural History of Grreat Britain and Ireland." I allude to the
British Herbarium. The existence of several typical and well-
known collections of our native plants which have at various
times come into our possession, appeared, now that we have
ample room for their arrangement and use, to afford a most
desirable opportunity of forming as complete an assemblage as
possible of our national Elora, of which those collections should
form the nucleus. Tour Council have therefore named a Com-
mittee, consisting of three of the most competent British bota-
nists in the Society, for the accomplishment of this object ; and I
am sure you will agree with me, when I mention the names of
Dr. Alexander, Mr. Charles Cardale Babington, and Mr. Bentham,
that a better selection could not have been made. These gentle-
men have conferred a great benefit on the Society by kindly
accepting the task, and they have now entered upon their labours.
The basis of the proposed herbarium is being selected from the
collections of Mr. Winch and of Dr. Withering, and the deficien-
cies will be filled up by contributions offered by various Fellows
of the Society. The Committee have the advantage of the assist-
ance^ of Mr. Daniel Oliver, one of our Fellows, who has under-

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXI

taken the task of selecting, laying out and arranging the speci-
mens, and Mr. Babington that of checking the names attached to
them. The Committee report their full confidence that, by this
means, a very complete British Herbarium will be formed, in which
all marked varieties will be included ; and there can be no doubt
that it will be found a most useful standard collection for refer-
ence. I cannot but believe that this new feature in our arrange-
ments will be viewed with the greatest satisfaction by the nume-
rous cultivators of British Botany, who will thus have, at length,
a complete and well-arranged herbarium of our native plants con-
stantly accessible for consultation and comparison.

It is not my intention to occupy your time by entering upon
any analysis of the papers, many of them of great interest, which
have occupied the Society at its meetings during the past year.
A glance at our two publications will suf&ciently attest the zeal
anil talent which have characterized them, and I believe I may
without hesitation assert that they have not been surpassed by
those of any former year. That the forthcoming part of the Trans-
actions will consequently maintain the character, both at home and
abroad, which has for so long a period attached to that our prin-
cipal publication, I cannot doubt. The Journal of Proceedings
also continues to give the greatest satisfaction in every quarter
from whence I have had an opportunity of obtaining an opinion,
and its efficiency and importance are now fully established. It
has enabled us to publish very many papers of high interest,
which but for such a vehicle could scarcely have been published
at all, or at least only after a long interval. I may here aptly
quote the words of one of our most distinguished Fellows, who
thus expressed himself in a letter which I not long since received
from him : — tf) r30ii9t;i7ts it/ie!Mi^^ i:

"The number of excellent papers," he says,'"wliich we' have
had this session, constitute quite an epoch in the history of Natu-
ral Science. I know of no Society at home or abroad that can
boast of such an array of valuable papers as we. can already show
for this one half-session." ;^ oria aiifli :Ci;>a^ uiiooii'

The general satisfaction of the Fellows of the Society with its
present condition and with the manner in which its affairs are
conducted, is evinced by the cheering and I believe unprecedented
fact, that the whole past year has not witnessed a single instance
of withdrawal from its ranks. I cannot but attribute this circum-
stance in great measure to the manner in which their interest is
kept alive by the appearance at intervals of our Journal of Pro-

XXU PROCEEDINGS OF THE

ceedings, especially as regards our country Fellows, whose con-
nexion with the Society is mainly kept up by this means.

The present state of our Finances, with so considerable a balance
in our hands, for which I refer you with great pleasure to the
Auditors' Beport, will I trust enable your Council to turn their
attention to the gradual increase of the Library, which is very
deficient in some departments of Natural History literature. The
proximity and common use of the Library of the Boyal Society,
which contains a considerable number of the more expensive works
on local Natural History, such as several of the beautifully illus-
trated French Voyages and others, will assist in enabling us to
direct our means towards the acquisition of less expensive but
equally useful works, and to the completion of some important
serial publications. At the same time it must be remembered
that this can only be done at present to a very limited extent, as
the illustrations of some of the most valuable of the papers which
have been lately read will necessarily be very expensive.

Amongst those who have been recently removed from us by
death, is our old and respected friend Eichard Horsman Solly,
w^ho for more than thirty years was one of the most constant
attendants at our meetings, and a liberal contributor to any pecu-
niary exigency whenever an appeal was made to him ; and he has
shown a lasting interest in the welfare of the Society to which he
was so long and so warmly attached, by a legacy of 56IOO.

I cannot conclude this brief allusion to the most prominent cir-
cumstances or events of the past year, without calling particular
attention to the accession to our library of the whole of the
scientific correspondence of our founder, presented to us, since the
last anniversary, by his honoured widow. This important gift is not
more acceptable on account of its intrinsic value, great as that is,
than as a graceful evidence of attachment and respect from one,
who, during the life of her revered husband, was ever associated
with him in the deep interest he took in Natural Science and in
the welfare of our Society in particular ; and who now, at a very
advanced age, and as full of energy as of years, has shown, by this
munificent act, that she still recurs mth fond recollection to the
favourite object of her husband's scientific life, and retains, even
now, a vivid interest in our pursuits, and a warm and earnest wish
for our prosperity.

There are some other additions to our rooms by gift which I
cannot pass over without remark. The widow of one of our
liighly valued members, the late Dr. Percira, has kindly presented

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXIU

US with a faithful bust of her excellent husband. A portrait
of our esteemed friend and Fellow, Mr. Ward, painted by Mr.
Knight the E-oyal Academician, and acknowledged to be an ad-
mirable likeness as well as an interesting and beautiful picture,
has been presented by a number of gentlemen, not confined to
Fellows of this Society, by whose subscription, this pleasing testi-
mony to Mr. Ward's scientific and social claims to our esteem and
gratitude has been produced. And lastly, we have received within
the last few days an interesting bust of the great Linn-^jus, a copy
of the original in the Hall of the Academy of Sciences of Stock-
holm ; this valuable addition to our memorials of the distinguished
men who have been more or less closely associated with the ob-
jects of the Society, was presented to us by Professor Anderson.

We have now had twelve months' experience of our close local
association with the Eoyal Society, and have been able to test
the result of our meeting on the same evening with them. With
regard to the first, I think I may safely say that our proximity
has been the source of great advantage to us, and I am sure that
it has tended to the increase of kindly feeling and good fellowship
between the two bodies. On more than one occasion this has
been evident, when a union of action was necessary to carry out
some important object ; and it is my pleasant duty to say that
nothing can exceed the kind consideration and ready cooperation
which have characterized the conduct of the authorities of that
respected body. Our evening association with them after the
business of the two Societies has been concluded, has also had the
efiect of bringing us into close and friendly relation, and has never
materially interfered with our scientific arrangements.

I have now, I believe. Gentlemen, glanced at the principal cir-
cumstances which demand allusion from me. Upon the whole, our
retrospect affords us ground for great thankfulness and congratu-
lation. Our position is in almost every respect greatly improved.
Our finances are not only now in a prosperous state, but our means
will be still further increased, by the cessation of rent for the
house in Soho Square at the approaching autumnal quarter. Our
numbers are gradually being augmented by the addition of active
and zealous and intelligent naturalists. Our publications are in-
creasing in importance, and are everywhere more and more appre-
ciated and valued.

That this state of progress may continue, nothing now is need-
ful but a perseverance in the same course of energy and vigour,
combined with good feeling and kindly brotherhood, which, I
thank God, has long been characteristic of our Society.

XXIV PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

OBITUAEY NOTICES.

The Secretary then read the following notices of deceased Fel-
lows and Foreign Members : —

Eor the brief notice which I am about to offer to the Society, of
Henry James JBroohe, Esq., I am chiefly indebted to an article in
the last Anniversary ' Proceedings ' of the Eoyal Society, of which
what follows is little more than an abstract. He was bom on the
25th of May, 1771, in the city of Exeter, where his relatives were
engaged in the manufacture of broadcloth, but was himself des-
tined for the bar, for which profession he had nearly completed
his studies when an advantageous opening led him to engage in
the Spanish wool-trade. He spent nearly two years in Spain, and
subsequently formed an establishment in London, where he took
up his abode in 1802, devoting his leisure to the study of mine-
ralogy, geology, and botany, but especially of the two former
sciences, to which he became devotedly attached. He became a
Eellow of the Geological Society in 1815, of the Linnean in 1818,
and of the Royal in 1819. When the trade in Spanish wool was
in a great measure superseded by that with Germany, Mr. Brooke
turned his attention to other objects of commercial pursuit more
congenial to his tastes, and entered warmly into the formation of
companies for working the mines of South America; but these
speculations having for the most part failed, he became secretary
to the London Life Assurance Association, of which he had been
one of the founders. In 1828 he maintained the principles on
which the business of that association was carried on, in " Obser-
vations on a pamphlet by Mr. Morgan, entitled a View of the
Bise and Progress of the Equitable Society." A slight concussion
of the brain, the result of being thrown down by collision with
a horse, and followed by sympl^oms of undue cerebral excitement,
compelled him for some years to limit his customary mental efforts ;
and during this period he occupied himself in the collection of
shells and of engravings. Of the former he made a large collec-
tion, which he afterwards presented to the University of Cam-
bridge. While engaged in its formation, he published, in the
fifth volume of the ' Zoological Journal,' a paper on " Conchology,
regarded as a distinct branch of Science," in which he maintains
that " the proper study of shells may not inaptly be considered as
analogous to that of the skeletons of the higher classes of animals,
and may be regarded as the comparative anatomy of the molluscous

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXV

inhabitants; and if it were so pursued, those who study shells
alone might, without the fear of being regarded as triflers, confess
themselves to be conchologists, and might thus assert their title
to a place in the ranks of science." Mr. Brooke's reputation as
a man of science was, however, chiefly derived from the eminence
which he attained as a mineralogist, and especially as a crystal-
lographer, in which department he stood almost unrivalled in this
country. His " Familiar Introduction to Crystallography, including
Explanations of the Principle and "Use of the Groniometer," was
published in 1823, and was followed, at a considerable interval, by
a treatise on the same subject in the ' Encyclopaedia Metropolitana.'
In the latter of these works he greatly simplified the system which
he had proposed in the former, and reduced the number of primary
crystalline forms to six. With much labour and perseverance, he
applied the reflective goniometer to the crystals of artificial salts,
and published, in the * Annals of Philosophy' for 1823, the deter-
mination of the forms of no fewer than fifty-five different laboratory
crystals. He published also numerous mineralogical notices,' in-
cluding the description of thirteen new mineral species, in the
pages of the ' Philosophical Magazine' and 'Annals,' and in the
' Edinburgh Philosophical Journal,' and was the author of the
treatise on mineralogy in the ' Encyclopaedia Metropolitana.' His
latest labours were directed to the general relations and geome-
trical similarity of all crystals belonging to the same system, a
paper on which subject, read before the JRoyal Society, was in the
press at the time of his decease, and affords a striking proof how
little his advanced age had diminished the strength and energy of
his reasoning powers. He died, at his residence at Clapham, on
the 26th of June, 1857, soon after completing the 86th year of
his age, from natural decay, accelerated by the depression of his
system produced by a severe cold ; and his splendid collection of
minerals has since been presented to the University of Cambridge,
as the best means of rendering it subservient to the advancement
of mineralogical science.

William Maddochs Bush, Esq., M.D., died at "Weston-super-
Mare on the 17th of December, 1857, aged 44 years. Dr. Bush
completed an excellent general education at Eton in 1830, when
he commenced his course of medical studies at St. George's Hos-
pital, and subsequently prosecuted them at the London University.
Having become a Member of the Hoyal College of Surgeons of
England, and a Licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries, he was
appointed one of the House Surgeons of the Marylebone Infirmary,

XXVI PROCEEDINGS OF THE

where he acquired extensive medical knowledge and experience.
After this he visited the Medical Schools of Paris and Germany,
in one of the universities of which latter he graduated as an M.D.
During all these professional labours his mind was not inattentive
to other kinds of knowledge. He was an ardent lover of nature
under all her forms ; but perhaps his greatest leaning to either
branch of Natural History was to Botany, of which he had ac-
quired considerable knowledge. He was elected a Eellow of the
Linnean Society in 1843, and about the same time the Royal
College of Physicians in London admitted him a Licentiate, ex
urhe, of their body. The time having now arrived for selecting a
department of his profession in which to bring his acquirements
to a practical use, he selected that of Psychology, with the treat-
ment of the insane mind. In this, both in the Metropolis and in
the provinces, he was eminently successful, and was much con-
sulted by his professional brethren. In connexion with this subject
he was the author of an excellent pamphlet on "The General
Paralysis of the Insane," a subject at that time but little attended
to ; and more lately he wrote a valuable monograph on " Moral
Delinquency in Children," or an exposition of the early tendency
to insanity in childhood, partly the result of hereditary predispo-
sition, and partly the consequence of imperfect and misdirected
education. When the photographic art became more generally
known, Dr. Bush very early observed how advantageously a good
manipulator might apply the processes to record objects in Natural
History. He became an ardent practitioner of the art, and had
gained great efficiency in it, producing beautiful specimens from
various natural sources, especially from the vegetable kingdom ;
but, unfortunately, in his manipulations his skin absorbed some
of the poisonous matters used in the preparation of his paper, and
this becoming diifused through his body led to inflammation of
the veins in his extremities ; from thence the inflammation spread
gradually to the great blood-vessels of the trunk, and led to his
premature decease. His rectitude of heart and life, his amiable
and conciliatory manners, and his devoted love of nature endeared
liim to a numerous circle of friends ; while this Society has to
record the loss of a member who promised greatly to advance the
objects of the Society itself, and who happily blended the characters
of the gentleman and the man of science.

Lieut. James Ilolman, B.N., F.H.S., universally known as " the
blind traveller," was born at Exeter, in the county of Devon,
October 15th, 1786. Although not distinguished as a naturalist.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXVll

tlie career of this gentleman offers so remarkable an instance of
energy and perseverance in carrying out what appears to have
been an irresistible impulse for visiting foreign and distant lands
under circumstances which might be supposed to present almost
insuperable obstacles, that I need scarcely apologize for dwelling
upon it at some length. He was first sent to a day school in
Theatre Lane, Exeter, kept by an old woman, at which he re-
mained until he was between eight and nine years of age, when
he was transferred to a private school near Alphington Cross,
kept by the well-known Dr. Halloran ; and afterwards to another
school, where, as he says, he was crammed with geography, astro-
nomy, algebra, geometry, navigation, &c., in order to fit him for the
position of first-class volunteer obtained for him by Lord Bridport
through the kindness of Greneral Simco. He accordingly joined,
in December 1798, being then twelve years old, the Royal George,
100, Captain C. M. Pole, bearing Lord Bridport' s flag, in the
English Channel; was present at the attempt at Basque Eoads,
and, after two unsuccessful applications to Lord Bridport to be
allowed to join cruising frigates, was placed on board the Cam-
brian, 40, Captain Legge, in which he served from 1799 to 1805
on the Home and North American stations. He then joined in
succession the Leander and Cleopatra, of which latter frigate he
was appointed lieutenant, April 27, 1807. He was next employed
in the Gruerriere frigate, on the North American station, from
October 1808 to November 1810, when, in consequence of severe
rheumatism brought on by the hard service on that station, he
invalided, and was placed on half-pay, returning to England in
January 1811, in H.M. Brig Eantome. In July of that year he
was visiting his friends at and near Bath, when he was attacked
with severe ophthalmia, which in a short time entirely deprived
him of sight. In 1812, having become permanently blind, he was
made a Naval Knight of Windsor. During the next seven years
he devoted his time so much to the study of literature (entering
at the University of Edinburgh, where he obtained a diploma), that
his health suffered severely, and he was compelled to seek restora-
tion in the air of his native county. Not finding the benefit he
expected, this, together with the permission which he had obtained
to absent himself from Windsor, induced him, in the year 1819,
to visit the South of France alone, and without any knowledge of
the continental languages. He then made the grand tour, passing
through the south of France into Italy, traversing the greater part
of both the southern and northern states of that peninsula, cross-

XXVlll PBOCEEDINGS OF THE

ing into Savoy by Mount Cenis, proceeding thence by Cbambery to
Geneva, and througb Switzerland to Basle, descending the Ehine
to the sea, and from Amsterdam passing by the Hague, Rotterdam,
and Antwerp to Brussels, returning to England, by Ostend, in
September 1821. An account of these travels was published by
him in 1822, under the title of " A Narrative of a Journey under-
taken in the years 1819, 1820, and 1821, through France, Italy,
Savoy,' ' &c. &c. In July 1822, he embarked alone from the London
Docks for St. Petersburg, and had proceeded through Eussia into
Siberia, traversing it as far as Irkoutsk (2000 miles beyond To-
bolsk), intending to embark at Kamtschatka for Sitka on the north-
west coast of America, and thence to proceed to the Sandwich
Islands, &c., when his progress was checked by a mandate from
the Emperor of Eussia, under which he "was conveyed as a state
prisoner to the confines of Cracow, and there dismissed. The
motive for this proceeding was said to be a belief that he was an
English spy and that his blindness was only feigned. He then
proceeded through Austria, Bohemia, Saxony, Prussia, and Hanover
to Hamburgh, and arrived at Hull in June 1824. Of these travels
also a narrative was published in 1825. In July 1827 he proceeded
with Captain Owen of H.M.S. Eden to South Africa, visiting by
the way Madeira, Teneriffe, St. Jago, Sierra Leone, Cape Coast,
Accra, Fernando Po, Bonny, Calabar, &c., Prince's Island and
Ascension; after leaving which island, falling in with a Dutch
galliot on its way to Eio de Janeiro, he transferred himself and
baggage to that vessel. From Eio he visited the gold mines, and
after journeying through the Brazils, quitted S. America for the
Cape of Grood Hope in H.M. Brig Falcon, Captain Pole, and after
traversing .the Cape Colony and part of Caifreland, left Simon's
Bay for Mauritius, Madagascar, the Comoro Islands, Zanzibar, and
the Seychelles, returning thence to the Mauritius. He then pro-
ceeded to Colombo, and having travelled through Kandy and made
the ascent of Adam's Peak, embarked at Trincomalee for Pon-
dicherry and Madras, and thence for Bangalore, returning by
Chittoor and Arcot to Madras, from which he sailed for Masuli-
patam and Calcutta. In August 1830, he left that city for China,
visiting Penang, Malacca, Singapore, and Canton, whence he sailed
for Hobart Town. He next traversed Van Diemen's Land, pro-
ceeded to Sydney, and after travelling in the interior of Australia,
left for England, visiting on his way home New Zealand, Bahia
and Flores, and arriving in August 1832. The narrative of these
travels was published in four volumes in 1834* and 1835, under the

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXIX

title of " A Voyage round the World." In August 1836, he pro-
ceeded to the north of Ireland, where he remained during the
next three months. He paid a short visit to the Channel Islands,
St. Malo, and Dinant in the summer of 1839. In the latter part
of 1840 he embarked at Blackwall for Falmouth and Oporto, landed
there, and visited the following places in succession, viz. the Alto-
Douro, Lanego, Oporto, Lisbon (visiting St. Ubes, the salt-pans
of Eio Lado, Cintra, Colares, and the English lines), Cadiz, Seville,
Port St. Mary, and Xeres, Gibraltar, Ceuta, Malaga, Grranada,
Almeria, Carthagena, Alicante, Valencia, Barcelona, and Tarragona.
From Barcelona he proceeded to Majorca, Minorca, Algiers, Bona,
Tunis, and Carthage ; thence to Malta, the Ionian Islands, Patras,
Athens, the island of Syra, Smyrna, E/hodes, Beyrout, and Alex-
andria ; from thence to Cairo, Suez, Moses' Wells, &c. Then from
Cairo he crossed the Desert, to Jerusalem by way of El Arish,
then to the Jordan, Dead Sea, and Bethlehem ; then from Jeru-
salem to Nazareth, the Sea of G-alilee, Mount Carmel, Acre, Tyre,
Sidon, and Beyrout. From Beyrout he went to Tripoli, the island
of E/hodes, Latakia, Sudea (on the Orontes) ; thence to Antioch,
Aleppo, and Hamman, by the Desert, to Damascus, and across the
Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon back to Beyrout. This he left for
Alexandria, Malta, and Naples, from the latter place making his
way through Apulia, Calabria and Sicily to Eeggio, and thence
back to Naples. He then proceeded through the Abruzzi to Pes-
cara on the Adriatic, Loretto, Eimini, Eavenna, Ferrara, Padua,
Venice, Udine, Goritz, and Trieste ; thence to Fiume, Zara, Libe-
nico, Nur, Seigu, Spalatio, by sea to Eagusa and Boca di Cataro,
making a tour in Montenegro, and returning to Boca di Cataro
and Eagusa, then voyaging to Stagno, crossing the Isthmus, thence
through the Gulf of Narenta, up the little Narenta river, returning
to Fort Opus and Metcavitch, and descending the main stream of
the Narenta to the sea, along the coast to Spalatio, from thence
going to Seigu, and entering Bosnia by Billibuch, passing to
Zavena, Travnich, Kisslovoda and Sana, to the frontiers of Servia,
thence to Belgrade, down the Danube to Giurgevo, Bucharest,
and Ibrail, across the Sereth to Galatz, thence to Jassy and through
the Bukovina, Transylvania, and Hungary to Vienna. Then through
Austria, Bavaria, and the Tyrol to Italy, visiting Verona, Lodi,
Milan, Pavia, Genoa, and Nice ; thence to Toulon, Marseilles, Avi-
gnon, Nismes, Montpellier, Cette, Perpignan, St. Louis, and the Pyre-
nees, Arriege, Bagneres de Bigorre, Cauterets, Pau, and Bayonne.
Thence into Spain by Vittoria to Valladolid, visiting from thence

XIX PBOCEEDINQS OF THE

Leon, thence to Madrid, Talavera, Badajoz, and into Portugal, visit-
ing Elvas, Lisbon, Bucellas, Eiguera, Cintra, Oporto, and Vigo,
returning to Oporto by sea, thence by Corunna, Bilboa, and San
Sebastian to Bayonne. Leaving Bayonne for Bordeaux, Saintes,
Cognac, Charente, Bochfort, Bochelle, Bourbon- Vendee, Nantes,
L' Orient, Brest, Morlaix, Dinant, Avranches, Granville, Cher-
bourg, Caen, Havre, Bouen, Chateauroux, Limoges, Agen, Auch,
Pau, Cauterets, Bagneres de Bigorre, Toulouse, Lyons, Vichy,
Moulins, Macon, and Chalons-sur-Saone to Bijon, Chalons-sur-
Maine, Bheims, St. Quentin, Valenciennes, Lille, and Dunkirk to
Calais and Boulogne, returning to England in October 1846.
In the spring of 1852 he again embarked from Hull for Norway
and Sweden ; after travelling through which countries for a few
months, he returned to England. This was the last journey he
made, otherwise than by paying occasional visits to Boulogne and
Bath. During the last few years most of his time was spent be-
tween "Windsor and London, while at the former place secluding
himself completely from all society, occupying himself wholly in
writing the account of his later travels and an autobiography, and
thereby so materially injuring his health that after a short illness
of four or five days he died, July 28th, 1857, in the 71st year of
his age. He became a Eellow of the Linnean Society in 1826, and
of the Boyal Society in the following year. As many among us
can bear testimony, he was a most cheerful and agreeable com-
panion, full of information and anecdote on a great variety of
subjects ; and these qualities are so conspicuously displayed in
the published Narratives of his Travels, that it is earnestly to be
hoped that those of later date may also ere long be given to the
world.

John Macmillcm, Esq., M.D., entered the Eoyal Navy and be-
came full Surgeon in 1807. He was for some time on the South
Sea station, and after his return to England became, in 1820, a
Eellow of the Linnean Society. He subsequently retired to Cul-
ross in the county of Perth, where he died on the 1st of the present
month, after a long illness, at the age of 81.

Sir George Magrath, M.D., G.JB., K.H., Sfc, entered the Navy
at an early age as an Assistant Surgeon, and was present in that
capacity on board the Theseus at the evacuation of Eort Matilda,
Guadaloupe, in the year 1794. As Surgeon of the Eussell he took
part in the action oiF Camperdown in 1797, and was appointed
Superintendent of the Hospital for Dutch prisoners subsequently
established at Yarmouth. In 1801 he was again surgeon of the

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXI

Kussell at the attack on Copenhagen, and was afterwards Flag
Medical Officer to Lord Nelson in the Mediterranean, and had
charge of the hospital at Gibraltar during the fever which raged
in 1804 and 1805. He was elected FeUow of the Colleges of
Physicians of London and Edinburgh, and became Physician Ex-
traordinary to the Duke of Clarence when appointed Lord High
Admiral. In 1841 he was promoted to the rank of Inspector of
Hospitals, and continued during the remainder of his life to reside
at Plymouth, where he died on the 12th of last June, at the age of
82. His remains were interred in the burying-ground of St. An-
drew's church, and were attended to the grave by a large concourse
of people, including many of the neighbouring gentry. He became
a Fellow of the Linnean Society in 1816, of the Eoyal Society
in 1 819, and was likewise a Member of the Royal Irish Academy,
and a Fellow of the Geological Society. Besides the distinctions
already mentioned, he had a medal with two clasps for Camper-
down and Copenhagen, and was a Ejiight Commander of the
Portuguese Order of the Cross of Christ.

John Forbes Boyle, Esq., M.D., F.B.S., F.O.S., Officer of the
Legion of Honour, was the only son of Capt. William Henry
Boyle, an officer in the service of tlie Hon. East India Company,
and was born at Cawnpore. Having lost his father while yet a
child, he received his early education, first under the care of Dr.
Sangster, and afterwards at the High School of Edinburgh. He
was originally destined for the profession of arms ; but while
waiting for an appointment at Addiscombe, he became a pupil of
Dr. Anthony Todd Thomson, under whose able tuition he acquired
so strong a taste for Natural History, and especially for Botany
and its useful applications, that he was induced to decline the
military appointment, and to accept in its place, as soon as he had
obtained his diploma, an Assistant- Surgeoncy in the Company's
service. In 1819 he proceeded to Calcutta on the medical staif of
the Bengal army. He was first posted to the artillery at Dum-
dum, and for two or three years afterwards he was moved from
station to station in Bengal or the North-western provinces, dis-
charging subordinate medical duties, as the ordinary routine and
exigencies of the service demanded. While thus employed, he
availed himself of every opportunity that change of locality afforded
to acquire a knowledge of the natural productions of the country.
Among these, the study of Indian plants occupied the first place,
and drew him into correspondence with Dr. Wallich, at that time
Superintendent of the Hon. Company's Botanical Garden at Cal-

XXXU PBOCEEDINGS OF THE

cutta. A vacancy having occurred in the charge of the Botanical
Garden at Saharunpore, Dr. E-oyle was, fortunately for science,
selected as the best-qualified candidate, and appointed Superin-
tendent in 1823. No station in India is more happily situated
for the cultivation of the natural sciences. Eastward of Delhi,
elevated 1000 feet above the level of the sea, near the extreme
northern limit of that part of the great plain of India which
is included in the valley of the Ganges, within a few miles of
the Sewalik Hills, and within easy range of the great chain of
the Himalayah, the position commands alike the tropical flora
and fauna of the plains of India, the temperate of the snowy
range, and every transitional stage between the two. Dr. Hoyle
possessed the acquirements, through education and self-culture,
the energy of character, and the ardent love of science, to avail
himself to the full measure of these advantages. The public
garden, supported by a native endowment, and laid out after the
simple native geometrical plan, with abundance of fruit-trees and
common flowering plants, was entirely remodelled by the new
superintendent, after the most approved style of English land-
scape gardening. A large addition was made to the number of
species grown, indigenous and exotic ; a scientific arrangement was
introduced ; a conservatory sprung up ; an ample stream of running
water was introduced, which fell into an artificial lake ; in short,
every refined alteration was adopted by which a tame oriental
garden could be converted into a beautifully-planned and useful
scientific institution. The v,'hole was the creation of Dr. Eoyle.
His other duties, including the medical charge of the station of
Saharunpoor, with two hospitals, deprived him of the oppor-
tunities of travelling, necessary for the thorough investigation of
the natural history of so rich a field ; but, to compensate as much
as possible for this drawback, he deputed parties of plant-col-
lectors in successive years to the various mountain provinces in
the neighbourhood, across the snowy range into the Thibetan
boundary of Kunawur; and as far westward as the vaUey of
Cashmeer. By these means he soon amassed a rich and valuable
herbarium. But his natural bent was most strongly exhibited in
the investigation of the properties of plants, and their application
to the wants of man. Eor a considerable time he supplied the
hospitals of Bengal with indigenous drugs, as substitutes for the
expensive articles imported from Europe. He devoted himself
with great success to the identification of the articles now occurring
in the bazaars of the East with the medicines familiar to the

LINNEA.N SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXlll

Greeks, as described by Dioscorides and Theophrastus. He inves-
tigated the agricultural resources of the plains of India, with a
view to the improved culture and introduction of various grains,
and of plants yielding fibres and other useful products ; and he
endeavoured to direct attention to the capabilities of the valleys
and slopes of the Himalaya for the growth of tea, which has been
so successfully carried out by his successors. Dr. Royle's principal
work, " The Illustrations of the Botany, &c. of the Himalaya
Mountains," is a storehouse of valuable facts and information,
bearing on all these and other allied subjects, and has been largely
drawn from by every writer of authority who has since devoted
his labours to the properties and uses of plants. The favourable
situation of Saharunpoor provided other tempting fields of
natural investigation, which his ardent zeal would not permit him
to neglect. Single-handed he undertook the severe task (for a
tropical climate) of horary observations of the thermometer dry-
and wet-bulb, and of the barometer, on a single day in each month
throughout the year, besides the regular ordinary observations twice
a day, and by these means attained excellent data for determining
the meteorological conditions of the climate, and fixing one of the
standard stations by which the range of mean temperature over
the continent of India has been ascertained. He made collections
of the mammalia, birds, reptiles, and insects of the northern plains
and mountains of India, in themselves so valuable and extensive
that they furnished materials for two important and distinct me-
moirs, by eminent British naturalists, upon the fauna of India,
contained in his great work before referred to. During his
various journeys through the Himalayan mountains, he carefully
eoUected specimens of all the rocks he met with, marked the
direction and measured the inclination of the strata, ascertained
the elevations of the successive ridges, and the depressions of the
intervening valleys, by barometrical measurement, and recorded
the whole of the observations with such care, that, gleaning
materials from other sources, and aided by Sir Henry De la Beche,
he was enabled to produce a very creditable approximative geolo-
gical section across the chain of the Himalayas, from the plains of
Hindostan on to the snowy range, which was also brought out in
his ' Illustrations.' All these varied and extensive researches
were condensed within the comparatively short period of eight
years. Patient of labour, and self-exacting to the full measure of
his physical powers, he never remitted his exertions, nor yielded
to the enervating effects of a tropical climate. Gifted by nature

LINN. PROC. c

XXXIV PROCEEDINGS OF THE

with a strong frame and a constitution that never failed him, and
which sickness never touched, he toiled on, from first to last, the
earnest and ardent investigator of every natural object that came
within his reach. One incident, connected with Dr. Royle's service
in India, redounds so highly to his scientific credit that it appears
deserving of an honoured record. The first Burmese and other wars
had brought the finances of India to an unusually disastrous state ;
and the home authorities devolved upon the Governor- General,
Lord William Bentinck, the ungrateful task of retrieving the un-
toward position by unpopular measures. B/Ctrenchment the most
ruthless was applied to every department of the public service that
would admit of the process. The medical branch suffered most,
and was struck down at one blow from affluent ease to com-
parative indigence. Dr. Boyle, in his medical relations, suffered
equally with the rest of his brethren ; but the Botanical Garden at
Saharunpore was for the time spared, as an outlying exception.
At last the Go venor- General visited the station with the announced
intention of abolishing the Botanical Garden. It was remote and
unfrequented, and therefore doomed. Dr. Boyle, dissatisfied with
the turn which the service had taken, was on the eve of vacating
his appointment, on promotion to a higher grade, and returning
to Europe to resign the service. Yet so good a show did he make
of sterling, honest, and useful work, and of practical results effected
by the Botanic Garden, that the Governor- General, finding at the
same time that it was supported by a native endowment, was
compelled to abandon the threatened decree for the abolition of
the institution, and the Saharunpore Garden was saved. For this
service Dr. Boyle is entitled to the enduring gratitude of all Indian
naturalists. In 1831 he returned to Europe with a large and valu-
able collection of materials. "With characteristic energy he threw
himself at once upon the investigation of what he had amassed,
and between that period and 1840 he devoted himself chiefly to
the publication of his great work, the " Illustrations of the Botany
and other branches of the Natural History of the Himalaya
Mountains," which is distinguished alike by a very large amount
of original information, and by the most comprehensive, exact,
and useful research. He became a member of all the leading
scientific societies of the Metropolis His election as aEellow of
the Linnean Society dates from 1833 ; and in the same year he
read a Paper " On the Lycivm of Dioscorides," which is printed
in the 17th volume of our ' Transactions.' About the same time
he received from the University of Munich the diploma of a

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXV

Doctor of Medicine ; and in 1837 he became a Fellow of the Eoyal
Society, of which he was afterwards for a time a Vice-President.
He also became a Fellow of the Geological Society, in which
for several years he filled the office of one of its Secretaries;
latterly, for several years, he was Secretary of the Horticultural
Society, in the business and well-being of which he always took
the most lively and active interest ; and for several of the later
years of his life he was Secretary of the British Association for
the Advancement of Science. The signal success with which he
had studied the materia medica of the East led to his being
appointed to fill the chair of that branch combined with Thera-
peutics, in King's College, when vacated by the late Dr. Paris ; and
the introductory lecture to his first course in that institution
formed the basis of an essay " On the Antiquity of Hindoo Me-
dicine," published in 1837. About the same time he was united
in marriage to a lady of highly cultivated intellect, daughter
of the late Edward Solly, Esq., who became the earnest and
competent partner of all his subsequent labours : never was a
man of science more fortunate in his domestic ties. In 1840 he
published an "Essay on the Productive Eesources of India," a
work of high importance in an economical point of view, and the
basis of aU that has since been written on the subject. In 1844,
being Dean of the Faculty of Medicine at King's College, he was
requested to publish his introductory lecture " On Medical Edu-
cation;" and in 1847 he published, in a thick 12mo volume, for
the use of his pupils, " A Manual of Materia Medica and Thera-
peutics," which became widely popular, on account of the unusual
pains taken in the elaboration of the botanical and commercial
history of the various substances. A second edition was published
in 1853, and a third in 1856, both in 8vo, the last " revised and
enlarged by F. W. Headland." In the changes which took place
in the Eoyal Society about the year 1847, he took an active part,
and was one of the founders of the Philosophical Club, established
in that year. Besides the societies connected with the cultivation
of natural science, he took an active share in the business of the
Eoyal Asiatic Society, and with habitual energy soon struck out
a new branch of inquiry in it. The 'Transactions' of that learned
body had hitherto been directed chiefly to the languages, history,
mythology, archaeology, and numismatics of the East. At the
instance of Dr. Eoyle, a committee was organized for the investi-
gation of the productive resources of India, and a series of valu-
able communications upon interesting commercial objects, either

c2

XXXVl PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

new or but imperfectly known, emanating from Dr Eoyle, was
the result. The commercial interest of the manufacturing districts
was naturally awakened to these raw products ; and the India-
house became exposed to inquiries upon the subject, to which no
department of that great establishment was at the time com-
petent to give a reply. The natural and inevitable result soon
followed : an oifice, that of " Correspondence relating to the Vege-
table Productions of India," was created for Dr. Eoyle, who had
now resigned his medical appointment ; and Leadenhall Street
henceforth became the centre of his labours and public usefulness.
From this time forward he devoted his whole attention to the
development of the productive resources of the country of his
birth. Having the entire charge of the correspondence in relation
to this most important subject, he was naturally one of the first
to be consulted with regard to the Indian Department of the
Great Exhibition of 1851, on which he furnished a valuable
memoir, which was published in the Appendix No. 3 to the Pre-
liminary Report of the Commissioners. In the management of
this Exhibition he was appointed one of the Local Commissioners
for the City of London, and had the entire charge of the Indian
department. The results of his labours on this occasion are too
well known to render it necessary to dwell on the skill, energy,
and taste which presided over its organization and arrangement.
"When the Great Exhibition of Paris took place in 1855, he was
again selected to superintend the Oriental department, which
was, by his exertions, placed on a scale of truly oriental magni-
ficence. For his eminent services on this occasion he received
from the Emperor the large honorary medal, together with the
decoration of an Officer of the Legion of Honour. Once again
his talents were called into requisition in a similar manner, in the
organization of the Indian Collection at the Exhibition of Art-
Treasures in Manchester in 1857. In the meantime, although
so busily occupied in these exhibitions and in the ordinary duties
of his office, he had published in 1851 an elaborate work " On the
Culture and Commerce of Cotton in India and elsewhere," and
had contributed a series of Articles to the ' Penny Cyclopaedia,' and
to Dr. Kitto's ' Cyclopaedia of Biblical Literature,' and numerous
Notices in different Journals, besides Lectures at the Society of
Arts and elsewhere, among which were two on the Results of the
Great Exhibition, " On the Arts and Manufactures of India,"
" On Indian Fibres, &c." This latter, when the war with Russia
threatened to cut off our supply of the principal fibrous materials

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOIf. XXXVll

for the navy, was expanded into an important work, entitled
" The Fibrous Plants of India, fitted for Clothing, Cordage, and
Paper: with an account of the Cultivation and Preparation of
Flax, Hemp, and their Substitutes," Lond. 8vo, 1855. The im-
mense collections of Indian products, raw and manufactured, many
of the latter of great interest either as fabrics or as exquisite
models of design, which had been brought together with a view to
these several exhibitions, afforded Dr. Eoyle an opportunity of
pressing upon the authorities of the India House the importance
of forming a museum in Leadenhall Street, where they might be
collectively exposed for the benefit and instruction of the public.
The plan was adopted ; and to carry it out became the great object
of the last year of his laborious and valuable life. He survived
to see the rooms filled, and most of the specimens laid out. The
day before his death, after an interval of confinement for some
weeks, he was again at his post, to urge on the final arrangements
of the museum ; but mortal disease was then upon him, and on
the following morning he was carried off by a sudden sti'oke. He
died at his residence, Heathfield Lodge, Acton, on the 2nd of
January in the present year, and in the fifty -ninth year of his age,
leaving a widow, two sons, and a daughter to bemoan his loss, and
a deep-seated sentiment of respect and regret among a wide circle
of friends.

It would be unjust not to mention, that in the preparation of
this notice I have been largely indebted to the kindness of my
friend Dr. Falconer, who succeeded Dr. Boyle in the charge of the
Botanic Garden at Saharunpore, and was through life one of his
warmest and most intimate friends.

Joseph Smith, JEsq., F.JR.S., well known to many of us as
having filled for a considerable period the office of Treasurer of
theEoyal Society Club, was called to the Bar as a Member of Gray's
Inn, within the precincts of which he continued to live during the
remainder of his life, and where he died on the 26th of May 1857,
at the age of eighty-three. He became a Fellow of the Linnean
Society in 1811, and of the Royal Society in 1819, and was a
constant attendant at the meetings of the latter, until the infir-
mities of age precluded his appearance abroad. He was well
acquainted with British plants, and wrote a memoir on the Guern-
sey Lily, which however has not been published.

The Bev. William Smith, Professor of Natural History in
Queen'' s College, Gorh, was the fifth son of the late Samuel Smith,
Esq., of Balnamere, near Ballymoney, in the county of Antrim,

XXXVm PROCEEDINGS OF THE

and was born on the 12th of January 1808. He received his
collegiate education in the EcPyal Belfast Academical Institution,
and, devoting himself to the ministry, attached himself first to the
Presbytery of Antrim, and afterwards to the Remonstrant Synod
of Ulster. At a very early period of life he was chosen minister
of the Unitarian congregation of Dundee, whence, after the lapse
of a few years, he removed to Bolton in Lancashire, and subse-
quently to Stockport, where he continued in the exercise of his
ministerial functions from 1834 to 1845. Compelled by his health
to seek a milder climate, he became successively pastor of the
congregations in Torquay, Jersey, Cheltenham, Wareham, and
Lewes ; and towards the end of 1854 he was appointed, on the
recommendation of the late Professor Edward Porbes, to the Chair
of Natural History at Cork, which he occupied till his decease.
He was for many years a martyr to the gout ; but his ailment,
although severe, did not preclude the application of his mind to
study ; and in the pursuit of natural history, to which he had
been addicted from his youth, he found both solace from pain and
a pleasing occupation. Although well-versed in the knowledge
of British plants generally, he determined to restrict his more
immediate studies to one particular group ; and his fondness for
microscopical investigation led him to select the Diatomacem as
the family to which his attention should be especially .devoted.
Accordingly he published, in 1853 and 1856, two crovm 8vo vo-
lumes, entitled " A Synopsis of the British Diatomacese," illus-
trated by sixty-nine plates, containing figures of nearly four hun-
dred species of that singular group. The specimens which formed
the materials for this work are now deposited in the British
Museum, and constitute a striking memorial of his industry in
collecting, and patience in determining, objects so minute, but at
the same time so curious and interesting. As a professor, he
soon became exceedingly popular, and his class was one of the
most successful in the college; but his health had long been
declining, and he died on the 6th of October last, after having
occupied the chair only about three years, in the fiftieth year of
his age. He became a Pellow of the Linnean Society in 1847.

Richard Horsmcm Solly, JSsq., was the eldest son of Samuel
Solly, Esq., P.E.S., P.S.A., of Serge Hill, near Abbots' Langley,
Herts, and was born on the 29th of April, 1778, at the house of
his father in Great Ormond Street, which he himself continued
to inhabit until the close of his life. Mr. Samuel Solly was ori-
ginally a very considerable merchant in the Italian and Levant

LINKEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXIX

trade, and inherited from hia uncle, Mr. Timothy Holies, the
house in Grreat Ormond Street, together with a handsome legacy
and a museum of curiosities, which descended to our late Fellow,
and contributed, no doubt, to awaken in him that taste for natural
and physical science, and that spirit of inquiry by which he was
through life distinguished. His mother was one of the two
daughters and co-heiresses of Dr. Horsman, an eminent London
physician ; and his school-days were passed at Cheam in Surrey,
under the tuition of Mr. Gilpin, son of the celebrated author of
the work on " Forest Trees." He became a student of Magdalen
College, Cambridge, where he took his degree of M.A. in the year
1800, and was subsequently called to the bar as a member of
Lincoln's Inn. On the death of his father in 1807, he succeeded
to a considerable property, and devoted himself thenceforward to
the indulgence of his inclination for the pursuits of science and
art, and to the cultivation of friendly relations with those Vho
were most eminent in both. He became in the same year a
Fellow of the Eoyal Society, and was early led, by his intimacy with
the late Mr. Thomas Andrew KJaight, at whose house at Downton
he was a frequent visitor, to take a warm interest in the Horticul-
tural Society, of which he continued through life to be an active
supporter. He was also for many years an assiduous promoter of
the Society of Arts and of the E/oyal Institution ; and became a
Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, the Greological, the Zoological
and numerous other Societies. But the subject which more than
any other attracted his attention, was the improvement of the
microscope ; and his patronage and encouragement were liberally
bestowed on those able opticians who contributed so greatly, some
twenty or thirty years since, to the perfection of an instrument,
the importance of which in scientific investigation is daily be-
coming more widely acknowledged. To this recognition was
subsequently due the formation of the Microscopical Society, of
which Mr. Solly, notwithstanding his strong predilection for micro-
scopical studies, became a somewhat reluctant member, inasmuch
as he felt that the microscope was simply an instrument of
research in various branches of science, each of which was already
provided with its own appropriate Society. Of the Linnean So-
ciety he became a Fellow in 1826, and was frequently a member
of our Council, in which his business habits and the activity of
his mind rendered him peculiarly useful, especially in relation to
financial questions. To him we are chiefly indebted for the clear-
ness and simplicity of our balance-sheet and especially of that

Xl PROCEEDINGS OF THE

portion of it which relates to our assets and liabilities ; and as a last
proof of his good-will and of the warm interest which he ever took
in our affairs, I have to record that he has bequeathed to us by
his will a legacy of a hundred pounds, of which his executors have
courteously announced the speedy payment. To many of us he
has been so long known by his constant attendance at our meet-
ings, both scientific and social, by his liberal hospitality, by the
kindliness of his disposition, and by that spirit of universal good-
will which he both felt and inspired, that his loss will leave a
marked vacancy in the ever-narrowing circle of our older friends.
He died at his house in Great Ormond Street on the 31st of
March in the present year, having nearly completed the 80th
year of his age, and was buried on the 7th of April in the New
Cemetery at Woking, Surrey.

The Rev. William Stockdale, M.A., second in seniority on the
list ^ our Members, having been elected a Fellow of the Linnean
Society in the year 1796, died on the 27th of February in the
present year, at Mear's Ashby Hall, near Northampton, in the
91st year of his age. He had been for forty-four years vicar of
East Ashby, and for nearly sixty-two years a Fellow of the
Linnean Society. For many years past I have received from him,
at each recurrence of this Anniversary, a letter expressing his
warm sympathy wdth the Society, and occasionally enclosing a
botanical specimen with a query attached to it, evincing his con-
tinued interest in its pursuits.

William Wood, Esq., F.B.S., was born in Kendal in the year
1774, and was educated for the medical profession. Having com-
pleted his studies at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, in London, under
the tuition of Abernethy, he commenced practice as a surgeon at
Wingham, in the neighbourhood of Canterbury. Attaching him-
self early to the study of Natural History, he became in 1798 a
Fellow of the Linnean Society ; and published, in 1801, in the
sixth volume of our ' Transactions,' a useful Paper entitled " Ob-
servations on the Hinges of British Bivalve Shells," carefully
illustrated by figures from the pencil of Mr. Henry Boys, also an
early Fellow of the Society, and still, I believe, living at Toronto
in Canada West, of the University of which city he has long
been one of the Professors. About 1801 Mr. Wood removed to
London, where he continued to practise his profession until 1815,
when he entered into business as a bookseller in the Strand,
dealing chiefly in books of Natural History, and publishing some
important works in that department of Science. He had pre-

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xll

viously, in 1812, become a Fellow of the Eoyal Society, and had
given to the world an English translation of Buffon's " Natural
History," and a work entitled " Zoography, or the Beauties of
Nature displayed in select Descriptions from the Animal and
Vegetable, with additions from the Mineral Kingdom," in three
vols. 8vo. 1807-1811. In 1815 he published the first volume of
a work, entitled " Greneral Conchology ;" but this intended work
subsequently gave place to his " Index Testaceologicus, or a Cata-
logue of Shells, British and Foreign, arranged according to the
Linnean System," commenced in 1818, and completed in 1828.
Of this work, containing about 3000 coloured figures of shells,
" a new and entirely revised edition " was published by Mr. S.
Hanley in 1855. The success of this ' Conchological Index ' in-
duced Mr. Wood to publish, in 1839, on a similar plan, an " Index
Entomologicus, or a complete illustrated Catalogue, consisting of
1944 figures, of the Lepidopterous Insects of Great Britain," of
which also a second edition, " with figures of the newly discovered
species," was given in 1852 by Mr. Westwood. In the meantime
he had also published "Illustrations of the Linnean Genera
Insects," in two vols. 12mo, London, 1821 ; a new edition of
Gustavus Brander's " Fossilia Hantoniensia," 4to, London, 1829 ;
and three 4to parts of "A complete Illustration of the British
Freshwater Fishes, with some account of their Habits." He
quitted business in 1840, and since that time has continued to
reside at Ruislip in Middlesex, at which place he died on the 26th
of May, 1857, in the 84th year of his age, and in the 60th year of
his Fellowship of the Linnean Society. Since his retirement from
business he has been but rarely seen among us ; but this brief out-
line of his industrious and useful career will recall to many of our
older Fellows the remembrance of an honourable and estimable
man, who laboured earnestly for the promotion of natural science.
I[e has left a son, who succeeded him in business, but also retired
a few years ago, and who, it is but justice to add, has considerable
talent as an artist, and had no small share in the production of
some of his father's publications, and especially of the two Indexes
above-mentioned.

Among Foreign Membees our losses have been heavy, amount-
ing to no less than five : —

Charles Jules Laurent Lucien Bonaparte was the eldest son of
Lucien Bonaparte, brother of the first Napoleon, by his second
marriage with Alexandrine, de Bleschamps. He was born at Paris

Xlii PBOCEEDINGS OP THE

on the 14th of May, 1803, and in 1804 accompanied his father
into Italy, and was with him in 1810 on board the vessel in which
he made his unsuccessful attempt to proceed to America. Being
taken prisoners on their passage by an English cruiser, Lucien
and his family were brought to this country, where they passed
several years in the neighbourhood of Ludlow, where the young
Charles first betrayed that taste for natural history by which he
was afterwards so eminently distinguished. After the conclusion
of the peace of 1814, Lucien returned to Italy, and acquired by
purchase from the Apostolic Chamber the principality of Canino,
in the neighbourhood of Yiterbo, while his son Charles took the
title of Prince of Musignano. Residing at Eome for the next
seven years, the young Prince devoted himself with great ardour
to the study of natural history, successively taking up plants,
insects, and vertebrated animals, and finally attaching himself
especially to the class of Birds, which continued through life to be
his favourite study. In 1822 he married, at Brussels, his cousin
Zenaide, the eldest and only surviving daughter of his imcle,
Joseph Bonaparte, who was then residing, under the title of
Count de Survilliers, in the United States, whither Charles Lucien
also soon after proceeded with his youthful bride, and took up his
residence in the neighbourhood of his father-in-law. Here, in
1824, he published the first volume of his continuation of "Wilson's

* American Ornithology,' which was followed by two other volumes
m 1828, and by a fourth in 1833. This important work, together
with the " Grenera of North American Birds," published in the

* Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York,' in
1826 and 1827, at once established his reputation as a systematic
zoologist, and gave evident proof both of his extensive knowledge
of the subject, and of the unwearied industry with which he pur-
sued it. In 1827 he came to England, and was elected, at the early
age of 24, a Foreign Member of the Linnean Society. On his
return to Eome in the following year, he commenced the forma-
tion of a spendid zoological cabinet, and soon after issued the first
numbers of a magnificent work entitled " Iconografia della Eauna
Italica per le quattro classi degli Animali Vertebrati," three vols.
4to, Eome, 1832-42, which forms unquestionably the most com-
plete and elaborate work that is extant on the Vertebrated Eauna
of any country in the world. In 1837 he again visited England,
and communicated to our Society "A new Systematic Arrange-
ment of Vertebrated Animals," which was published in the eigh-
teenth volume of our ' Transactions,' and contained many valuable

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xliii

suggestions in regard to the classification of the Vertehrata. On
the principal element of the primary subdivisions of the class
mammalia first promulgated in this paper, Professor Owen has
recently remarked in our ' Journal,' " that he considers it as the
most important improvement in the classification of mammalia
which has been proposed since the establishment of the natural
character of the Implacental or Ovo-viviparous division." From
this time the Prince became a frequent visitor at the meetings of
the British Association for the Advancement of Science ; and so
strongly was he impressed with the advantages derived from such
meetings, that he laboured long and successfully in the founda-
tion of a similar Association in Italy, the first meeting of which
took place at Pisa, in 1839, where and at the subsequent meetings,
until 1847, he was constantly President of the Zoological Section,
to which he made many interesting communications. By the
death of his father in 1840, he succeeded to the title of Canino ;
and in 1844 he was elected a Corresponding Member of the
Academy of Sciences of the French Institute. He continued to
reside at Kome, occupying himself incessantly with zoological
subjects, until the political events of 1847 rekindled in Italy the
revolutionary spirit, when he threw himself ardently into the
Republican cause, and became President of the Itoman Constituent
Assembly, which position he retained until the Roman Republic
fell before the arms of France. Proscribed in Italy, he retired first
to England, but finally took up his residence at Paris, frequently,
however, visiting this country, especially with a view to the meet-
ings of the British Association. For some years past he had
suffered severely from swellings and ulceration of the legs, which
at last terminated in dropsy of the chest, of which he died, after
much suffering, at his house in the Rue de Lille, at Paris, on the
30th of July, 1857, in the 55th year of his age. By his wife
Zenaide, who died in 1854, he had twelve children, nine of whom
survive him. The number of his works and papers comprised
in the list of the ' Bibliographia Zoologiae ' of the Ray Society,
amounts to forty-nine ; but these extend no lower than 1842, and
consequently contain none of his later zoological writings. The
production of a complete "'Systema Avium " was the great object
of his ambition ; and at this he laboured indefatigably, notwith-
standing his sufferings, to the last hour of his life. The portions
relating to Insessores and Grallatores are already published, and
the remainder is left in MS. ready for publication. A special
work, in continuation of Temminck's splendid Monograph of

Xliv PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Pigeons, of which several numbers have been published, occupied
him up to the time of his death. This extreme ardour in the pur-
suit of science, and the unremitting attention which he devoted to
it, increasing even as his physical powers gave way, were his most
striking characteristics. Confining himself to Vertebrated zoology,
and especially conversant with the class of Birds, which few men
have studied more successfully, his labours have contributed largely
to our knowledge of the faunas of Europe and of North j^merica
in particular, to the improvement of their systematic arrangement,
to the establishment of many well-marked genera, and to the di-
stinction and description of a multitude of new or imperfectly-
known species. Of his conduct in public life it is not my busi-
ness to speak ; but I only echo the general sentiment in saying
that in private he was amiable and estimable, a warm friend, and
an agreeable companion.

Martin Heinrich Karl Lichtenstein, Doctor of Medicine and
Philosophy, Member of the Boyal Academy of Sciences at Berlin^
Director of the Zoological Museum, and Professor of Zoology in
the University of that city, was born at Hamburg, on the 10th of
January, 1780. He devoted himself to the study of medicine,
and took his Doctor's Degree at Helmstadt in 1801. In the
following year he became tutor to the children of General Janssen,
the Dutch Governor of the Cape of Good Hope, and accompanied
him, partly in that capacity and partly as his physician, to Southern
Africa. Soon after his arrival, he was made Surgeon-Major in the
battalion of Hottentot Light Infantry, raised for the Dutch ser-
vice, and was appointed in 1804 one of the Commissioners for
visiting several then unknown parts of the interior, on missions
connected with the outbreak of the war with the native races. In
this capacity he was enabled to collect a great amount of informa-
tion relative to the geography and natural history of the regions
which he visited, and in particular to gratify that ardent inclina-
tion for zoological investigation which had become his ruling
passion. After the capture of the Cape by the English, he
returned to Holland with his patron, bringing with him large
collections and other materials, on which he laboured for several
years, and having settled at Berlin in 1810, commenced his
academical career in the following year as ordinary Professor of
Zoology in the University. The narrative of his African Travels,
published under the title of 'E-eisen im Siidlichen Africa,' two
vols. 8vo, Berlin, 1810-12, added greatly to the reputation which
he had already acquired, and was speedily translated into English

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xlv

and other European languages. In 1815 he was appointed First
Director of the Zoological Museum ; and in that capacity pub-
lished, in 1816, an 8vo volume, entitled ' Das Zoologische Museum
der Universitat zu Berlin ; ' and in subsequent years a series of
Catalogues under the title of " Verzeichniss der Dubletten des
Zoologischen Museums, &c.," in which many new species, especially
of birds, were from time to time described. His " Darstellung neuer
oder wenig bekannter Saugethiere in Abbildungen und Beschrei-
bungen," a splendid folio work, published at Berlin from 1827 to
1829, contains figures and descriptions of many important animals
from the collection of the Berlin Museum ; and a multitude of
other works and essays in the 'Transactions ' of the Berlin Academy,
in Wiegmann's 'Archiv,' and in other periodicals, attest his con-
tinued attention to his favourite pursuit nearly to the close of his
long and useful life. Among these, not the least interesting and
instructive are his Commentaries on Marcgrave and Piso, and on
Hernandez, in which he has not only ably illustrated the labours
of those early pioneers of American zoology, but has added much
valuable information derived from the study of the important
collection of which he had the principal charge. In 1826 he
received the order of the Eed Eagle ; in 1835 he was elected a
Foreign Member of the Linnean Society ; and he died suddenly, at
Berlin, in September last, having nearly completed his 78th year.

Johannes Muller, M.D., Professor of Anatomy in the University
of Berlin, Member of the Boyal Academy of Berlin, Foreign Mem-
ber of the Boyal Society of London, and Correspondent of the
French Institute, was born at Coblentz, on the 14th of July 1801,
became Professor at Berlin in 1831, Foreign Member of the
Linnean Society in 1837, and died at Berlin of an apoplectic
stroke on the 28th of April of the present year, in the 57th year
of his age. The news of the death of this great physiologist is so
recent, that I must entreat the Society to excuse my not having
prepared a sketch of his life, which has had too great an influence
on the existing state of science to be treated of without due con-
sideration.

Christian Gottfried Nees von Esenbech, President of the Imperial
Academy " Naturw Curiosorum,'' was born on the 14th of February
1776, and educated at the Psedagogium of Darmstadt, where he
first imbibed a taste for the pursuit of natural history. He studied
medicine at the University of Jena, where he took his Doctor's
Degree, and afterwards established himself as a practising phy-
sician at Frankfort-on-the-Maine. His first botanical publication,

Xlvi PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

* Die Algen des siissen "Wassers nach ihren Entwickelungsstufen
dargestellt,' Bamberg, 1814, 8vo, was speedily followed by a much
more important work in 4to, entitled ' Das System der Pilze und
Schwamme,' Wiirtzburg, 1816. By these works he became so
favourably known, that in 1818 he was appointed Ordinary
Professor of Botany, and Director of the Botanic Garden of the
University of Erlangen, where he published, as an introduction to
his first course of lectures, a ' Synopsis specierum generis Asterum
herbacearum, prsemissis nonnuUis de Asteribus in genere, earum
structura et evolutione naturali,' Erlangse, 1818, 4to, which he
enlarged in 1§32 into a much more important book on the same
subject, under the title of ' Genera et Species Asterearum,'
Vratislaviae, 8vo. In the same year, 1818, he was appointed
editor of the ' Nova Acta Academise Cesarese Leopoldino-Caro-
linae Naturae Curiosorum,' the direction of which he retained, as
President of the Academy, until his death. In 1819 he became
Ordinary Professor of Natural History in the University of Bonn,
where he laboured assiduously, in conjunction with his scarcely
less celebrated brother, Theodor Priedrich Ludwig, in the esta-
blishment of an excellent botanic garden, and where his lectures
were in high repute, until 1831, when he was transferred to the
Botanical Chair of the University of Breslau. Professor Nees
von Esenbeck was not only one of the most laborious, but also
one of the most distinguished systematic botanists of the present
century. His principal botanical publications, besides those
already mentioned, are his ' Handbuch der Botanik,' in two vols.
8vo, Niirnberg, 1820-1 ; his ' Agrostologia Brasiliensis,' forming
the second volume of Professor Von Martius's intended ' Flora
Brasiliensis,' 8vo, 1829 ; his ' Cyperaceae Brasilienses ; ' his ' Na-
turgeschichte der Europaischen Lebermoose,' four vols. 8vo,
1833-38 ; his ' Systema Laurinearum,' 8vo. 1836 ; the " Acan-
thaceae" of DeCandolle's ' Prodromus;' and his "Monograph of
the East Indian Solanece,'' printed in the seventeenth volume of
our ' Transactions.' Besides these, he assisted largely in several
important works, published by his brother and other writers, and
wrote numerous papers in the ' Nova Acta,' and elsewhere. It
is not, however, as a botanist only that he deserved well of natural
history ; as an entomologist also he is well known by his extensive
series of researches on the family of Ichneumonidcd and their allies,
of which his ' Monographic der Ichneumoniden,' two vols. 8vo,
Stuttgard, 1828, and his ' Hymenopterorum Ichneumonibus Affi-
nium Monographiae,' two vols. 8vo, Stuttgard, 1830, contain the

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xlvii

most complete resume. But perhaps the greatest service that he
rendered to natural science was in the revival of the German
Academy Naturae Curiosorum, after a repose of twenty-seven years,
and the skill and industry which, for a period of forty years,
he bestowed upon the superintendence of the highly important
series of its ' Transactions ' from the ninth to the twenty-fourth
volumes. He became a Foreign Member of the Linnean Society
in 1827, and communicated to us, in addition to the paper pre-
viously mentioned, " A Descriptive Catalogue of the Graminece
and Cyperacew contained in the Indian Herbarium of Dr. Eoyle,"
the characters of the new genera contained in which are given in
the first volume of our ' Proceedings.' He died at Breslau at the
commencement of the present year, in the 82nd year of his age.

Conrad Jacob Temminck, Member of the Boyal Academy of
Sciences of the Netherlands, and one of the most distinguished
ornithologists of the present century, was born at Amsterdam, of
a good family, on the 31st of March 1778. His father, Jacob
Temminck, was Treasurer of the East India Company ; and he
was himself destined for a mercantile career, his friends obtaining
for him, at the age of 17, an appointment as one of the Vendu-
masters to the Company. In this capacity he had many oppor-
tunities of making himself acquainted with the numerous objects
of natural history brought home by the Company's ships. He
had also the advantage of studying a small collection of birds
made by his father, whose taste for natural history led him to
give such recommendations and other assistance to Levaillant in
his voyage to the Cape of Grood Hope, as induced the latter to
dedicate to him the first volume of his ' Oiseaux d'Afrique.'
Many of the specimens of birds brought home by Levaillant, and
still extant in the Museum at Leyden, were prepared by the
younger Temminck, who acquired great skill in the preservation of
the remains of animals, and especially of fishes, his mode of pre-
paring which became afterwards celebrated under the name of
Temminck' s method. His intimacy with Levaillant contributed
in no small degree to increase his taste for natural history, and is
supposed to have given him that facility in the use of the French
language, both in speaking and writing, which was so useful to
him in after-life ; but his chief instructor in natural science was
Bernhard Meyer, the collaborateur of "Wolf in the well-known
* Taschenbuch der Deutschen Ornithologie,' with whom he was
united by ties of the closest friendship. For some time he busily
occupied himself in the formation of a fine collection of birds and

Xlviii PROCEEDINGS OF THE

quadrupeds, and first appeared in the character of a writer in
a ' Catalogue Systematique du Cabinet d'Ornithologie et de la
Collection de Quadrumanes de C. J. Temminck ; avec une courte
description des Oiseaux non-decrits.' His next appearance in
print was as the author of the text of the first volume of the
splendid work of Madame Knip, ' Histoire Naturelle des Pigeons,'
Paris, 1808, which was followed by his ' Histoire Naturelle Ge-
Berale des Pigeons et Gallinaces,' Paris, 1813-15, three vols. 8vo.
These works established his reputation as one of the most accu-
rate and laborious of systematic ornithologists, and recommended
him to the notice of the then existing government. King Louis
appointed him one of his Chamberlains, and decorated him with
the Order of Union, which he had just established. After the
expulsion of the French, when the peace of Europe was again
threatened, he became for a short time Captain of a volunteer
corps of cavalry formed in Amsterdam ; but these distractions
withdrew him only for a short time from his favourite pursuits.
In 1815 he published, in one vol. 8vo, his 'Manuel d'Ornitho-
logie, ou Tableau Systematique des Oiseaux qui se trouvent en
Europe,' which was afterwards expanded into four vols. 8vo, Paris,
1835-40, and was illustrated by an atlas by Werner, containing
figures of nearly all the birds described. In this, which must be
regarded as one of his most important works, he attempted to
establish a system differing in many respects from those which
had preceded ; but the accuracy of the descriptions, the extent
and careful elaboration of the synonymy, the detailed observa-
tions on the habits and change of plumage of the birds, and the
attention paid to their geographical distribution especially di-
stinguish this Manual as a most valuable contribution to Orni-
thological Science. His next great work, for which he had long
been preparing, was commenced in 1820, and completed in 1844,
under the title of ' Nouveau E/Ocueil de Planches Coloriees d' Oi-
seaux,' intended as a supplement to the ' Planches Enluminees '
of Buftbn, and containing 600 splendid folio plates. The name of
Baron Meiffren-Laugier is associated with his on the title ; but it
is well known that the Baron had no share in the scientific elabo-
ration of the work. In the same year in which he commenced
this great work, he was named, on the death of Brugman, Director
of the Natural History Museum at Leyden, to which he transferred
his own extensive collection, and which, under his superintendence,
became in a few years equal in many respects, and in some supe-
rior, to the principal Museums in other states of Europe. The

LINiS^EAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xlix

formation of this immense collection and the publication of his
great ornithological work did not, however, so completely occupy
his time as to preclude him from giving some portion of his atten-
tion to the study of the mammalia; and his two volumes of
* Monographies de Mammalogie,' published in 4to at Paris and
at Leyden, between 1825 and 1841, attest the extent of his ac-
quirements in that department of Zoological Science. His original
predilection for everything connected with the East Indies had
been strengthened and renewed by the acquisition and description
of a multitude of zoological novelties from the Dutch possessions
in the Eastern Islands, and was strongly evinced in his work
entitled ' Coup d'oeil general sur les Possessions Neerlandaises
dans rinde Archipelagique,' 3 tom. 8vo, Leide, 1847-9. JS'or
must I omit to mention the splendid work, in three volumes folio,
published under his superintendence, chiefly by the officers of
the Leyden Museum, under the title of ' Verhandelingen over de
natuurlijke Geschiedenis des Nederlandsche overzeesche bezit-
tingen,' or the important aid given by him to the ' Eauna
Japonica' of Yon Siebold, likewise published under his direction.
His last work, published at Leyden in 1853 and the two follow-
ing years, under the title of ' Esquisses Zoologiques sur la cote
de Gruinee,' affords conclusive evidence that, at the age of 77, his
industry was undiminished, his faculties were unimpaired, and he
continued to enjoy uninterrupted good health ; but in the course
of that year it became evident that his health was suffering, and
he died on the 30th of January in the present year, having nearly
completed his 80th year. He was thrice married, and has left a
widow and three sons by his last marriage. On his first visit to
England, in 1819, he laid before our Society "An Account of some
new species of Birds of the genera Fsittacus and Columla, in the
Museum of the Linnean Society," the greater part of which,
he states, were brought from the south, east, and north coasts
of JsTew Holland by Mr. Brown, who communicated much useful
information derived from his notes. This valuable memoir
was published in the thirteenth volume of our ' Transactions ; '
and in the following year, 1820, M. Temminck was elected a
Eoreign Member of the Linnean Society. Besides the honours
which he received in his own country, he was a Correspondent of
the Academy of Sciences of Paris, of tlie Eoyal Academy of Sciences
of Berlin, of the Imperial Academy of St. Petersburg, and of many
other scientific bodies. He had also received the decorations of
the Lion of the Netherlands, of the Legion of Honour, and of the

LIKN. PBGC, 4

1

PROCEEDINGS OE THE

Portuguese Order of the Conception. Many of his detached
memoirs, in addition to the more important works above quoted,
will be found in the ' Annales Generales des Sciences Physiques,'
in the 'Bijdragen tot de Natuurkundige "Wetenschappen,' in the
' Tijdschrift voor Natuurlijke Greschiedenis,' and in the ' Proceed-
ings of the Zoological Society.'

The Secretary also announced that twenty Pellows, two Poreign
Members, and one Associate, had been elected since the last
Anniversary.

At the election which subsequently took place, Thomas Eell,
Esq., was re-elected President ; Francis Boott, Esq., M.D., Trea-
surer ; John Joseph Bennett, Esq., Secretary ; and G-eorge Busk,
Esq., Under- (Zoological) Secretary. The following five Pellows
were elected into the Council in the room of others going out : —
viz. Charles Cardale Babington, Esq. ; William Benjamin Car-
penter, Esq., M.D. ; Charles Darwin, Esq. ; Daniel Hanbury, Esq. ;
and S. James A. Salter, Esq., M.B.

The President nominated Erancis Boott, Esq., M.D. ; Eobert
Brown, Esq., D.C.L. ; Eichard Owen, Esq., D.C.L. ; and William
Wilson Saunders, Esq., Vice-Presidents for the ensuing year.

In pursuance of the Ee solution of the Special General Meeting
of June 17th, 1856, the Council, on the 24th of June, 1856, in-
vited the Members to enter into a subscription for defraying the
expenses attendant on the Society's removal to Burlington House ;
and the Treasurer now reported the following

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.

Thomas Bell, Esq. {President).

£ s. d.

Adams, H., Esq 2 2

Alexander, R.C., Esq., M.D. 10
AnseU, T., Esq., M.D. ..220

Archer, W., Esq 5

Ashton, R. J., Esq. ...500
Atkinson, W., Esq. ...550
Babington, C.C.,Esq.,M. A. 5
Baird,W.,Esq.,M.D. ..110
Barlow, Rev, John, M.A. .500
Bedingfeld, Rev. J. ..,110

£50

£ s. d.
Bennett, J. J., Esq. {Secre-

tary) 20

Bentham, G,, Esq. . . . 20

Bentley, R., Esq 5

Blackwall, J., Esq. . . . 10
Boott, F., Esq., M.D., Y.P.

{Treasxirer) ..... 20

Borrer, W., Esq 10

Botfield, B., Esq 20

Bowerhank, J, S., Esq. . .20

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

li

Brisbane, Oen. Sir T. M.,

Bart

Brooke, H. J., Esq. . . .
Brown, R., Esq., D.C.L.,

V.P.

Brydges, Sir H. J. J., Bart.
Buccleuuli, H. &. the Duke

of

BucktoH, a. B., Esq. . .
BiirclieU,W.J.,Esq.,D.C.L.

Busk, G^., Esq

Cautley, Sir P. T., K.C.B. .
Christy, H., Esq. ...
ColHngwood, C, Esq., M.A.

Couch, J., Esq

Cuming, H., Esq. . . .

Currey, F., Esq

Darwin, C, Esq., M.A.
Daubeny, C. G-. B., Esq.,

M.D

Deane, H., Esq

Dickinson, J., Esq. . . .
DiUwyn, L. L., Esq., M.P.
Dyster, F. D., Esq., M.D. .
Edgeworth, M. P., Esq. .

Ewer, W., Esq

Falconer, H., Esq., M.D. .
Ferguson, W., Esq. . . .

Forster, J., Esq

Francis, W., Esq., Ph.D. .
Gamier, Yery Eev. T., D.D.,

Dean of "Winchester . .
Gaskoin, J. S., Esq. . . .
Goderich, Lord Viscount,

M.P .

Gould, J., Esq

HamUton, E., Esq., M.D. .
Hanbury, D., Esq. . . .
Hankey, J. A., Esq. . . .

Hawkes, Rev. H

Henderson, J., Esq. . . .
Henslow, Rev. J. S., M.A. .
Heward, R., Esq. . . .

Hincks, Rev. W

Hogg, J., Esq., M.A. . .
Hooker, Sir W. J., K.H. .
Hooker, J. D., Esq., M.D. .
Horsfield, T., Esq., M.D. .

£ s.

d.

10

5

20

10

20

10 10

5

10 10

5

20

1 1

10

£
2

20
1

11
5

u
5

2

2

20

5

2

20

10

5

15

20

5

2

2

5

5

20

10

10 10

2

2

5

10

20

2

1

1

5

1

1

1

1

3

3

20

20

10

Howson, Rev. J., M.A. .
Hudson, R., Esq. . .
IlifF, W. T., Esq., M.D. .
Janson, T. C, Esq. . .
Jesse, J,, Esq. . . .
Jones, J. D., Esq., M.D. . 1
Kennedy, B., Esq. ... 5

Kippist, R., Esq 5

Lance, J. H., Esq. ... 2
Lindley, J., Esq., Ph.D. . 20
LyeU, Sir C, M.A., D.C.L. 6
M'Andrew, R., Esq. . . 10
MaUard, Lieut. C, R.N. . 5
Mann, T. W., Esq. ... 2

Miers, J., Esq 20

Miles, Rev. C. P., M.A. . . 5
MitcheU, D. W., Esq. . . 1
Morson, T. N. R., Esq. . . 5
Murchison,SirR.L, D.C.L. 10
Osborn, W., Esq. ... 3
Owen, R., Esq., D.C.L.,V.P. 10
Owen, R. B., Esq., M.D. . 2
Pamplin, W., Esq. ... 1
Peckover, A., Esq. ... 10

Penney, W., Esq 1

Potter, H. G., Esq. ... 5
Pratt, S. P., Esq. . „ . 5
Read, W.H.R., Esq., M.A. 5
Reeves, J. R., Esq. ... 20
Richardson, Sir J., C.B. . 2
Eigby, E., Esq., M.D. . . 10
Rothery, H. C, Esq. . . 10
RusseU, J. W., Esq., D.C.L. 10
Salmon, J. D., Esq. ... 5
Salter, S. J. A., Esq., M.B. 5

Sansom, T., Esq 1

Saunders, W.W., Esq., Y.P. 20
Seemann, B., Esq., Ph.D. . 5
Sheppard, Major E., R.A. . 2
Solly, R. H., Esq. ... 20
Solly,W. H., Esq. ... 5

Spence, W., Esq 20

Stockdale, Rev. W., M.A. . 5
Syme, J. T., Esq. ... 2

Tagart, Rev.E 5

Tagart, F., Esq 5

Taylor, R., Esq. {Under
Secretary) , , » . , 20
d2

s. d.

2

1
4

1

3

10

10

2

lii

PROCEEDINGS OV THE

Thomson, J., Eeq., M.D.
Thomson, T., Esq., M.D.
Thwaites, G. H. K., Esq.
Townley, J., Esq. . .
Tulloch, J„ Esq, . . .
Van Voorst, J., Esq. .
Vinen, E. H., Esq., M.D.
Wakefield, E., Esq. . .
Wakefield, E., Esq. , .
Ward, N. B., Esq. . .
Waring, E., Esq., M.D.
Watson, H. 0., Esq.
Westwood, J, O., Esq. .

£

s.

cl

1

1

20

3

2

2

5

10 10

1

1

5

10

10

5

10

2

2

s, d.
1

Wheeler, J. L., Esq. . ,
White, Alfred, Esq. ... 10
Wight, E., Esq., M.D. . . 10
Windsor, J., Esq. . • . 2 2
Wollaston, T. V., Esq, ..500

Woods, J., Esq 5

Yarrcll, W., Esq. (JMe

Treasurer) ..... 20
Yates, J., Esq., M.A. . . 20
Young, J. E., Esq., M.D. .220

Total .

£1108 15

June 3rd, 1858.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in tlie CKair.

"Woodyer Merricks Euckton, Esq., was elected a Eellow.

The special thanks of the Society were directed to be presented
to Professor Andersson, of Stockholm, for his very acceptable pre-
sent of a cast from the bust of Linnaeus (at the age of 64 years)
in the Meeting-Eoom of the Academy of Sciences at Stockholm.

Eead, first, a Note " On the death of the Common Hive-Eee,
supposed to be occasioned by a parasitic Fungus;" by the Eev.
H. Higgins. Communicated by the President. (See " Zoological
Proceedings," vol. iii. p, 29.)

Eead, secondly, a Paper " On some points in the Anatomy of
Mmiilus 2')or/ipiUus ;'' by T. H. Huxley, Esq., P.B.S. Communi-
cated by the Zoological Secretary. (See "Zoological Proceed-
ings," vol. iii. p. 36.)

Eead, thirdly, " Natural-History Extracts from the Journal of
Captain Denham, H.M. Surveying Vessel ' Herald,' 1857, 1858 ;'*
Communicated by the Hydrographic Office of the Admiralty. (See
*' Zoological Proceedings," vol. iii. p. 32.)

Eead, fourthly, a " Notice of the discovery of a gigantic species
of Ug[uisetumj upwards of twenty feet bigh, at Canaloo in the

LTNNEATS^ SOCIETY OP LONBOK.

liii

Andes of Peru;" by Eicliard Spruce, Esq. Comimmicated by'
Dr. J. D. Hooker, E.L.S.

Eead, fifthly, a Note " On the Nidi and habits of a species of
Zumhricus, found in the London Clay near Highgate ;" by J. W.
Wetherell, Esq. Communicated by James Yates, Esq., E.L.S.
(See " Zoological Proceedings," vol. iii. p. 31.)

Eead, sixthly, a " Description of AonorpJiojpuSj a new genus of
Crustacea, of the Eamily of JPinnotheridcd ;" by Thomas Bell, Es^.,
President of the Linnean Society.

June 17th, 1858.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

The necessary business of the meeting having been disposed of,
it was proposed by the President, and unanimously resolved : —

** That in consequence of the recent death of Eobert Brown,
Esq., Vice-President, and formerly President of the Society,
and in consideration of his long connexion with and eminent
services to the Society and to Natural Science, the meeting
should now adjourn."

In proposing this resolution, the President made the following
observations ; —

Gentlemen, — It becomes my very painful duty to advert for a
few moments to the unspeakable loss which has accrued to science
in general, and to the Linnean Society particularly, since our last
meeting. At that time I could not shut my eyes to the probability
that before we should again meet, science and society would be de-
prived of one who was equally the ornament of both. That event,
as you are well aware, has now occurred, and Bobert Brown is
removed from amongst us. I will not, on such an occasion as the
present, attempt to offer you a formal eulogy on one whom yoii
all knew so well, and loved and respected so warmly. I will not
dwell upon his unequalled attainments in his favourite science,
on the extent and variety of his learning, on his wide and pro-
found research, his acute discrimination, his solid good sense, the

liv PEGCEEDINGS Or THE

quiet reflective wisdom of his decisions on points of doubt and
difficulty, — these and the other qualities of his clear and acute
intellect will hereafter have full justice done to them by an abler
hand than mine. But I cannot suppress the expression of my
deep sorrow at the loss of that warm and kindly heart, that
cheerful and genial spirit, those cordial and benevolent affections,
and that intense love of justice, which combined to render our
departed friend as heartily and warmly loved as he was deeply
respected and revered.

One of our lamented friend's latest acts evinced the unfailing
interest which he continued to the last to take in the welfare of
the Linnean Society. Only a week before his death he placed in
Mr. Bennett's hands, to be given up to the Society, the two bonds
for one hundred pounds each, which he held as security for two
shares of the loan by which we were enabled to purchase the
Linnean collection. You will agree with me that such a proof of
his attachment, on the near approach of his final separation from
us, ought not to be passed over without a grateful record.

I am spared the necessity of detaining you with any longer
detail, by the opportunity of referring you to a beautiful and
touching notice of his great merits which appears in the ' Times '
of this morning, in which you will easily recognize the hand of
one of our most valued members, who knew him perhaps better
'than any other, and by whose unceasing tender and all but filial
devotion, his last days and nights were soothed and comforted
and cheered. The latest moments of that true and affectionate
friend, to what period soever his life may be prolonged, will be
brightened by the hallowed refiection of the peace which he
brought to the dying hours of him whom he so much loved and
revered.

July 1st, 1858.

Special Meeting.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

The meeting having been specially summoned for the Election
of a Member of Council in place of Eobert Brown, Esq., Y.P.,
deceased, George Bentham, Esq., was elected a Member of Council
in his place.

LINNBAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. Iv

The President nominated Q-eorge Bentham, Esq., to be a Vice-
President in tlie place of Eobert Brown, Esq., for the ensuing
year.

It was moved by Sir C. Lyell, seconded by Mr. Bennett, and
resolved unanimously : —

"That this Meeting desires most emphatically to record its
deep sense of the eminent services rendered by the late
Eobert Brown, Esq., both to the Linnean Society and to
Botanical Science, by the entire devotion of a long life and
of talents of the highest order, to the promotion of the great
objects for which the Society was formed.

" That it looks back with heartfelt satisfaction to the long period
of sixty years, during which Mr. Brown was connected with
the Society, as an Associate, as Librarian, as a Eellow, as a
Vice-President, and as President ; and is profoundly sensible
of the honour which the Society has derived from its long
and intimate connexion with so great a master in Botanical
Science.

" That while thus recording its high appreciation of the eminent
talents of this great man, and of their successful application
to the pursuits of Natural Science, this Meeting cannot re-
frain from also paying a just tribute to the simple-hearted
benevolence of disposition, the high moral purity of mind,
and the unswerving rectitude of judgment, which formed the
most striking distinctions of his individual character.

" That, influenced by these various considerations, this Meeting
deeply deplores the loss which the Linnean Society and
Natural Science have sustained by the death of so distin-
guished, and at the same time so estimable, a man."

Eead, first, a Letter from Sir Charles Lyell, F.L.S., and Dr. J. D.
Hooker, E.L.S., addressed to the Secretary, as introductory to
the following Papers on the laws which affect the production of
Varieties, Eaces, and Species, viz. : —

1. An "Extract from a MS. work on Species, by Charles
Darwin, Esq., P.E.S., E.L.S., &c., sketched in 1839 and copied
in 1844."

2. An " Abstract of a Letter addressed by Mr* Darwin to
Professor Asa Grray, of Boston, U.S., in October 1857."

3. An " Essay on the Tendency of Varieties, &c. to depart

Ivi PROCEEDING^S Or THE LINNEAK SOCIETY OF LONDOK. '

' indefinitely from the Original Type," by A. E. Wallace, Esq.
(For these Papers, see " Zoological Proceedings," vol. iii. p. 45.)

Read, secondly, " Notes on the Organization of PJiaronis Si])'
pocrepis;'' by P. D. Dyster, Esq., M.D., F.L.S. (See "Trans-
actions," vol. xxii.)

Eead, thirdly, " Observations on the Metamorphosis of Ammo-
ccetus]^^ by — Highley, Esq. Communicated by the President.

Read, fourthly, a " Description of Hanburya, a new genus of
CncurbitacecB ','^ by Perthold Seemann, Esq., Ph.D., E.L.S.

Eead, fifthly, a MS. Memoir by the late Professor Pavon, en-
titled "Nueva Quinologia;" with observations by John Eliot
Howard, Esq., F.L.S.

Eead, sixthly, two Letters " On the Vegetation of the Portu-
guese territories in Western Africa," addressed to William Wilson
Saunders, Esq., Y.P.L.S., by Dr. Friedrich Welwitsch. (See
*' Botanical Proceedings," vol. iii.)

Ivii

ADDITIONS

TO THE

LIBRART OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY,

BECEIVED EEOM JUNE 20, 1857, TO JUNE 30, 1858.

{^Continued from Vol. II. ;page Ivi.]

Titles. Donoes.

Academies and Societies.

Amsterdam: — Kon. Akademie van Wetenschappen.

Yerslagen en Mededeelingen. Afdeeling NatuurTcunde,
deal 5, stuk 2 & 3, & deel 6. Amsterdam, 1856-57, 8vo.

Afdeeling LetterTcunde^ deel 2, stuk 2-4. lb,

1856-57, 8vo. The Academy.

Basel : — Naturforsehende Gesellscliaft. Verhandlungen, heft 4.
Basel, 1857, 8vo. The Society.

Batavia: — Bataviaasch G-enootschap van Kunsten en "Weten-
schappen. Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land-, en
Volkenkunde, deel 3-5. Batavia, 1854-56, 8vo.

The Society.
Berlin: —

Konigl. Akademie der Wissenschaften.

Abhandlungen aus dem Jalire 1856. Berlin, 1857, 4to.
Monatsbericlit ; von Januar — Dec. 1857. lb. 1857-58, 8vo.

The Academy.

Yerein zur Beforderung des Gartenbaues in den K. Preus-

sischen Staaten. Yerhandlungen, Neue Eeihe, jabrg. 4,

heft 2 & 3. Berlin, 1857, 8vo. The Society.

Berwickshire Naturalists' Club. Proceedings, vol. 3, no. 7,

and vol. 4, no. 1. London and Alnwick, 1857, 8vo.

The Clup,

Iviii ADDITIONS TO THE LIBEABT.

Titles. Donoes.

Academies and Societies (continued).
Bombay : —

Asiatic Society (Bombay Branch). Journal, no. 20. Bom-
bay, 1857, 8vo. The Society.
Hon. East India Company's Observatory. Magnetical and
Meteorological Observations made at, in the years 1854-56.
Bombay, 1856-57, fol. The Company.
Bonn : — Naturhistorischer Verein. Verhandlungen, jahrg. 13,
heft 4, & 14, heft 1. Bonn, 1856-57, 8vo.

The Association.
Boston : —

Anjerican Academy of Arts and Sciences. Memoirs, New
Series, vol. 6, part 1. Cambridge and Boston, 1857, 4to.

The Academy.
Society of Natural History. Proceedings, vol. 5, sheets
21-27, and vol. 6, sheets 1-10. Boston, 1856, 8vo.

The Society.

Breslau: — Imperial Academy "Naturae Curiosorum." Nova

Acta, vol. 23, supplementum. Yratisl. et Bonnse, 1856,

4to. The Academy.

Brussels : — Academic Eoyale des Sciences, &c.

Memoires couronnes, &c. Collection in 8vo : tome 8.

BruxeUes, 1858, 8vo.
Bulletins. 2^ serie, tomes 1-3. 15. 1857, 8vo.
Annuaire. 24^ annee. Ih. 1858, 12mo. The Academy.
Calcutta: — Asiatic Society. Journal, vols. 14-23. Calcutta,
1845-54, 8vo. The Society.

Canada : — Geological Survey. Beport of Progress for the years
1853-56 (with plans of lakes and rivers between Lake
Huron and B. Ottawa). Toronto, 1857, 4to.

SiE W. E. Logan.
Charleston, S. Car. : — Elliott Society of Natural History. Pro-
ceedings, sheets 7-11. 1856-57, 8vo. The Society.
Cherbourg : — Societe des Sciences Naturelles. Memoires,
tome 4. Paris, 1856, 8vo. The Society.

Copenhagen : — Kong. Danske Yidenskarbemes Selskab.
Oversigt i aar. 1856. Kjobenhavn, 8vo.
Supplement aux Tables du Soleil. Ih. 1857, 4to.

The Society.

' Cornwall :— ^B. Cornwall Polytechnic Society. Annual Beport

(24th). Ealmouth, 1856, 8vo. The Society.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBBABT. llX.

Titles. Donoes.

AcADiiui^s audi SocTETiEB (continued).
Dublin:—

Greological Society. Journal, vol. 1, parts 2-4 ; vol ii.
parts 1-3 ; and vol. 7, parts 3-5. Dublin, 1834-57, 8vo.

The Societt.
Natural History Society. Journal and Proceedings for
1856-57. Dublin, 8vo. The Society.

Eoyal Irish Academy.

Transactions, vol. 22, part 2. Dublin, 1850, 4to.
Catalogue of the Antiquities of Stone, Earthen, and
Vegetable Materials in its Museum, by W. E. Wilde.
Dublin, 1857, 8vo. The Academy.

Edinburgh : — Eoyal Society.

Transactions, vol. 21, part 4. Edinburgh, 1857, 4to.
Proceedings, no. 47. lb. 1857, 8vo. The Society.

Giessen: — Oberhessischen Gesellschaft fiir Natur- und heil-
kunde. Bericht 4-6. Giessen, 1854-7, 8vo.

The Society.
Gbttingen: — Kongl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, &c.
Abhandlungen, band 7. Gottingen, 1857, 4to.

The Society.

Halle : — Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein fiir Sachsen, &c. Zeit-

schrift fiir die gesammten Naturwissenschaften : redigirt

von C. Giebel und W. Heintz. Band 10, heft 7-12.

Berlin, 1857, 8vo. The Society.

Lausanne : — Societe Yaudoise des Sciences Naturelles. Bulletin,

nos. 38-41. Lausanne, 1856-57, 8vo. The Society.

Leeds : —

Geological and Polytechnic Society of the West Eiding.

Eeport of the Proceedings for 1856-57. Leeds, 1857,

8vo. The Society.

Philosophical and Literary Society. Eeport (37th). Leeds,

1857, 8vo. The Society.

Xii^ge . — Societe E. des Sciences. M§moires, tomes 11 & 13.

Liege, 1856-58, 8vo. The Society.

Lisbon :— Academia E. das Sciencias.

Historia e Memorias. 2* serie, tomo 1-3. Lisboa, 1843-56,

4to.
Memorias : — Nova Serie.

Classe 1*. Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas, e Naturaes ;
tomo 1, parte 1 & 2. Ih, 1854-55, 4to.

he ADDITIONS TO THE LIBBAEY.

Titles. Donoes.

Academies and Societies (continued).

Lisbon: — Memorias — Nova Serie {continued).

Classe 2*. Sciencias Moraes, Politicas, e Bellas Lettras,
tomo 1, parte 1 & 2, and tomo 2, parte 1. Ih. 1854-57,
4to.
Annaes das Sciencias e Lettras.

Classe 1. Sciencias Mathem.-Phys., &c., tomo 1, nos.1-7.

Ih. 1857, 8vo.
Classe 2*. Sciencias Moraes e Politicas, &c., tomo 1,
nos. 1-5. Ih. 1857, 8vo.
Portugalise monumenta historica. Scriptores, vol. 1, fasc. 1.
Olisipone, 1856, fol.

Leges et Consuetudines, vol. 1. fasc. 1. Ih. 1856, fol.

The Academy.
Liverpool : — Literary and Philosophical Society. Proceedings,
no. 11. Liverpool, 1857, 8vo. The Society.

London: —
Irt-Union.
Beport of the Council for 1857 ; with a List of the Mem-
bers. London, 1857, 8vo.
Almanac for 1858. Ih. 12mo. The Aet-Fnion.

Athenaeum. List of the Members, 1857 ; and Donations to the
Library in 1854-56. London, 1857, 12mo. The Club.
British Association. Eeport of the 26th Meeting. London,
1857, 8vo. The Associatiois-.

Entomological Society. Transactions. New Series, vol. 4,
part 4. London, 1857, 8vo. The Society.

S-eological Society. Quarterly Journal, vol. 13, parts 2-4,
and vol. 14, parts 1 & 2. London, 1857, 8vo.

The Society.
Geological Survey of Great Britain. Memoirs.

British Organic Eemains; decades 5, 8, & 9. London,

1855-58, 4to.
Mining Ilecords. Mineral Statistics of the United Kingdom
for 1853-56 ; by Eobert Hunt, P.E.S. Ih. 1855-57, 8vo.
On the Tertiary Eluvio-marine Pormation of the Isle of
Wight ; by Professor E. Porbes, P.E.S. Ih. 1856, 8vo.
The Iron-ores of Grreat Britain, part 1. Ih. 1856, 8vo.
The Geology of the country around Cheltenham ; by
Edward Hull, A.B., P.G.S., &c. Ih. 1857, 8vo.

Hee Majesty's Goveenment.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBEAET. Ixi

Titles. Donoes.

Academies and Societies {continued).
London (continued) : —

Medical and Chirurgical Society.

Transactions, vol. 40. London, 1857, 8vo.
Proceedings, vol. 1, no. 3, and vol. 2, no. 1. Ih. 1857-58,
8vo. The Society*

Microscopical Society : — v. Journals.
, Pharmaceutical Society : — v. Journals.
Boyal Society.

Philosophical Transactions for 1856, and parts 1 & 2 for

1857. London, 1856-58, 4to.
Proceedings, vol. 8, nos. 26-31. lb. 1857-58, 8vo.

The Society.
Eoyal Agricultural Society. Journal, vol. 18. London, 1857,
8vo. The Society.

Boyal Astronomical Society.

Memoirs, vols. 25 & 26. London, 1857-58, 4to.
Monthly Notices, vols. 16 & 17. Ih. 1856-57, 8vo.

The Society^
Boyal Greographical Society.

Journal, vol. 27. London, 1857, 8vo.
Proceedings, vol. lj,nos. 9-11, and vol. 2, nos. 1 <fc 2. lb.
1857-58, 8vo. The Society.

Boyal Institution.

Notices of the Meetings, part 7. London, 1857, 8vo.
List of the Members, &c., with the Beport of the Visitors

for 1856. Ih. 1857, 8vo.
Classified Catalogue of the Library, by B. Vincent, Assist.
Sec. Ih. 1857, 8vo. The Institution-.

Society of Arts. Journal, nos. 239-92. London, 1857-58.

The Society.
Zoological Society.

Transactions, vol. 4, part 4. London, 1857, 4to.
Proceedings, nos. 291-95, and 327-49. London, 1856-58,

8vo.
Illustrations to do. for 1855 and 1856., 8vo. The Society.
Madrid: — B. Academia de Ciencias. 3'* serie. Ciencias
Naturales, tomo 2, parte 2. Madrid, 1857, 4to.

The Academy.

Manchester: — Literary and Philosophical Society. Memoirs,

2nd series, yol, 14. Loudon, 1857, 8vo, The Society.

Ixii ADDITIONS TO THE LIBEAET.

Titles. Donoes.

AcATf^uiEB andt. BociETiBB (continued) .

Montreal: — Natural History Society. Canadian Naturalist
and G-eologist, vol. 2. no. 1. Montreal, 1857, 8vo.

The Society.
, Moscow :^— Societe Imp. des Naturalistes. Bulletin, tome 29,
nos. 2-4, and tome 30, no. 1. Moscow, 1856-57, 8vo.

The Society.
Munich : — Kon. Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften.

Abhandlungen der Mathematisdi-physicalischen Classe,

band 8, abth. 1. Muncben, 1857, 4to.
Gelebrte Anzeigen,-band 42-44. Ih. 1856-57, 4to.

The Academy.

Neustadt-a.-d.-Hayn. : — PoUichia (ein Naturwissenscbaftlicbe

Verein der Bayeriscben Pfalz). Jabresbericbt 14. Neu-

stadt-a.-d.-H., 1856, 8vo. The Association.

Newcastle-upon-Tyne: — Tyneside Naturalists' Field Club.

Transactions, vol. 3, part 3. Newcastle-upon-Tyne,

1857, 8vo. The Club.

New York : — American G-eograpbical and Statistical Society.

Eeports on Syrian Exploration. New York, 1857, 8vo.

The Society.
Paris : —

Academie des Sciences de I'lnstitut. Comptes Eendus,
tomes 44 & 45. Paris, 1857, 4to. The Academy.

Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. Archives, tome 9, livr. 4.
Paris, 1856-57, 4to.

The Admikisteation of the Museum.

Societe Botanique. Bulletin, tome 2, nos. 3 & 4, tome 4,

and tome 5, no. 1. Paris, 1855-58, 8vo. The Society.

Societe Entomologique de France. Annales, 3*^ serie, tomes

2-5. Paris, 1854-57, 8vo. The Society.

Petersburg : — Academie Imp. des Sciences.

Memoires. 6® serie. Sciences Naturelles, tome 7. St.

Petersbourg, 1855, 4to.
Memoires presentes par divers Savants, tome 7. Ih. 1854,

4to.
CompteiB Eendus, 1852-55. II. 1853-56, 8vo.

The Academy.
Philadelphia : —
Academy of Natural Sciences.

Journal. New Series, vol. 3, part 4. Philadelphia, 1858, 4to.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBBART. ixiii

Titles. Donobs.

Academies and Societies {continued).

Philadelphia: — Academy of Natural Sciences {continued).

Proceedings, vol. 8, nos. 6&Q (1856), sheets 1-16 for 1857,

and sheets 1-6 for 1858. Ih. 8vo.
Act of Incorporation, By-laws, &c. lb. 1857, 8vo.

The Academy.
American Philosophical Society.

Transactions. New Series, vol. 11, part 1. Philadelphia,

1857, 4to.
Proceedings, nos. 55 & 56. II, 1856, 8vo. The Society.
Stettin : — Entomologischer Verein.

Entomologische Zeitung, jahrgang 18. Stettin, 1857, 8vo.
Linnsea Entomologica, band 12. Berlin, 1858, 8vo.

The Association.
Stockholm : — Kongl. Yetenskaps-Akademien.

Handlingar for 1854. Afdel. 2. Stockholm, 1856, 8vo.

ny Eoljd. Band 1. Haftet 1. Ih. 1855, 4to.

Ofversigt. Arg. 13. Ih. 1856, 8vo.
Ars-berattelser om Botaniska Arbeten, &c., for 1852-54 ;
af J. E. Wikstrom, & N. J. Andersson, Ih. 1856-57,
8vo.
Berattelse om Eramstegen i Insekternas, Myriapodemas,
&c. Natural-historia for 1853-54, af C. H. Boheman.
Ih. 1857, 8vo. The Academy.

Turin : — E. Accademia delle Scienze. Memorie, serie 2, tomo
16. Torino, 1857, 4to. The Academy.

Vienna: —

E^iserl. Akademie der "Wissenschaften.

Denkschriften. Mathem.-naturw. Classe, band 12-13.

Wien, 1856-57, 4to.
Sitzungsberichte. Mathem.-naturw. Classe, band 20, heft 2
& 3, bd. 21, 22, 23 & 24. Ih. 1856-57, 8vo.

Eegister. zu band 11-20. Ih. 1856, 8vo.

Almanach. Jahrgang 17. Ih. 1857, 8vo.

.The Academy.
K. K. Geologische Eeichs-anstalt. Jahrbiicher, jahrg. 7,
no. 4, & 8, no. 1. Wien, 1856-57, 8vo.

The In^stitute.
Versammlung (32) Deutscher Naturforscher und Aertzte in
Wien, im J. 1856. Tageblatter, nos. 1-8, 4to.

The Imp. Academy or Sciences, Vienna,

Ixiv ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRABT,

Titles. Donohs.

Academies and Societies (continued),
Yienna (continued) : —

Zoologisch-botanischer Yerein.
Yerhandlungen, band 6. "Wien, 1856, 8vo.
Separatabdruck JN'aturwissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen.
lb. 1856, 8vo. The Association.

"Washington : — Smithsonian Institution.

Contributions to Knowledge, vol. 9. Washington, 1857, 4!to.
Annual Eeport of the Board of Eegenta. lb. 1857, 8yo.

The Institution.
Wisconsin, U.S. : — •

State Historical Society. Annual Reports 1 & 2. Madi-
son, 1855-56, 8vo. The Society*
Geological Survey. Annual Report of, by J. Gr. Percival.
Madison, 1856, 8vo.

The State Historical Society, Wisconsin.
University. Annual Report (9th) of the Board of Regents.
Madison, 1857, 8vo.

The State Histoeical Society, Wisconsin.
State Agricultural Society. Transactions, vols. 1-3. Ma-
dison, 1852-54, 8vo. The Society.
Wiirzburg : — Physicalisch-medicinische Gresellschaft. Yerhand-
lungen, band 7, heft 3, & band 8, heft 1-3. Wiirzburg,
1857-58, 8vo. The Society.

Anonymous : —

Leverian Museum, Priced Sale Catalogue of. London,

1806, 8vo. Thomas Bell, Esq., Pres. L.S.

London Catalogue of British Plants. 5th edition. London,

1857, 8vo. William Pamplin, A.L.S.

Madison (Wisconsin) Directory. Madison, 1855, 8vo ; and

Charter of the City. lb. 1856, 8vo.

Histoeical Society op Wisconsin.

-Acerbi (A.) Travels through Sweden, Finland, Lapland, &c., in
1798-99. 2 vols. London, 1802, 4to.

R. Hudson, Esq., E.R. & L.S.

Acland (H. W.) Note on teaching Physiology in the Higher
Schools. Oxford, 1858, 12mo. The Authoe.

AUis (T.) On the Sclerotic Ring of the Eyes of Birds and Rep-
tiles. York, 1855, 8vo. The Authoe.

additions to the library. ixv

Titles. Donors.

Ambrosi (F.) Flora del Tirolo Meridionale, vol. 1 & vol. 2, punt. 1 .

Padova, 1854-57, 8vo. The Author.

Archer (W.) Original Drawings of Tasmanian OrchidesB. 4to.

W. Archer, Esq., F.L.S.

Baird (W.) Notes on the Food of some Freshwater Fishes, more

particularly the Yendace and Trout. 1857, 8vo. The Author.

CyclopaBdia of the Natural Sciences. London, 1858, 8vo.

The Author.

Bastian (H. C.) Flora of Falmouth and surrounding Parishes.

8vo. The Author.

Bentham (Gr.) Handbook of the British Flora. London, 1858,

12mo. The Author.

Bernouilli (C. G-.) Die Gefasskryptogamen der Schweitz. Basel,

1857, 8vo. The Author,

Binney (A.) and Gould (A. A.) Terrestrial air-breathing Mol-

lusks of the United States, &c., vol. 3. Boston, 1857, 8vo.

The Executors oe Dr. Binney.
Boott (F.) Illustrations of the Genus Carex. London, 1858, fol.

The Author.

Brody (G. S.) Flora of Weston and its immediate Neighbourhood.

"Weston-super-Mare, 1856, 8vo. The Author.

Caspary (E.) Ueber den Anatomischen Bau der Casuarinen.

1839, 8vo. The Author.

Ueber Wachsthumsverhaltnisse der Coniferen, 8vo.

The Author.

Zur Kenntniss der Balanophoren. 1849, 4to. The Author.

Ueber die Existenz eines absteigenden Saftes in unseren

einheimischen Baumen. 1852, 8vo. The Author.

Ueber die... kultivirtenllex-arten. 1854, 8vo. The Author,

Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Dracaneen. Breslau, 1854, 4to.

The Author.

Ueber Botanische Museen ; insbesondere ueber das an der

Universitat Breslau. Gterlitz, 1856, 8vo. The Author.

Die officinellen Pflanzen unserer Gurten, &c. Ih. 1857, 8vo.

The Author.

Conspectus systematicus Hydrillearum. Berlin, 1857, 8vo.

The Author.
Ueber den Naturselbstdruck. 1857, 8vo. The Author.

Curtis (J.) Observations on the Natural History and Economy of
various Insects, Snails, Slugs, &c., affecting the Clover Crops.
London, 1857, 8vo. The Author.

LINN. PROC. e

Ixvi ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

Titles. Donors.

Dahlbom (A. G-.) Studia Zoologica, familias Regni Animalis trac-

tantia, tomus 1. (Fasc. 1-3, and Atlas). Lundae, 1856-57, 8vo.

The Author.
Dalton (J.) New System of Chemical Philosophy, part 1 (2nd
edition). London, 1842, 8vo, and vol. 2, part 1. Manchester,
1827, 8vo.

Meteorological Observations and Essays (2nd edition). Ih.

1834, 8vo.

On the Microcosmic Salt, &c. Ih. 1840-42, 8vo.

The Lit. and Phil. Soc. or Manchester.

Daubeny (C.) Lectures on Eoman Husbandry, delivered before

the University of Oxford. Oxford, 1857, 8vo. The Author.

DeCandolle (A.) Note sur la famille des Santalacees. Greneve,

1857, 8vo. The Author.

Especes nouvelles du genre Thesium. Ih. 1857, 8vo.

The Author.
DeCandolle (A. P. & A.) Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Eegni

Yegetabilis, pars 14, sectio 2. Parisiis, 1857, 8vo.
Delicata (J. C. Grech) Flora Melitensis. Melitse, 1852, 8vo.

The Author.

Duchartre (P.) Observations sur la fanaison des plantes, &c.

1857, 8vo. The Author.

Note sur quelques monstruosites de Tulipa Gesneriana. 8vo.

The Author.
Gasparini (G.) Kicerche suUa Natura dei Succiatori, e la escre-
zione delle Eadici, &c. Napoli, 1856, 4to. The Author.

Gray (A.) v. Torrey.

Gray (A.) Account of the Botanical Specimens collected in Japan,
by S. W. "Williams, Esq., and Dr. James Morrow. 4to.

The Author.

United States Exploring Expedition, in 1838-42, under the

command of Captain H. Wilkes, U.S.N. Atlas to Botany,
vol. 1. New York, 1857, fol. The Author.

Gray (M. E.) Figures of Molluscous Animals, selected from
various authors, vols, 2-5- London, 1850-57, 8vo.

Mrs. Gray.

Henfrey (A.) Elementary Introduction to Vegetable Physiology,

part 2. London, 1858, 8vo. The Author.

Herman (F. B. "W. von) Ueber den Anbau und Ertrag des Bodens

im Konigreiche Bayern. Miinchen, 1857, 4to.

E. Acad, or Sciences, Munich.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBEAEY. Ixvii

Titles. Donoes.

Heufler (Ludwig, Eitter von) Asplenii species Europsese. "Wien,

1856, 8vo. The Atjthoe.

Instruction fur die Naturforscher der Expedition der K. K.

Eregatte ' No vara,' in Beziehung auf Kryptogamen. 1857, 8vo.

The Authoe.
Hogg (J.) Address to the Tyneside Naturalists' Eield Club. New-
castle-upon-Tyne, 1857, 8vo. The Atjthoe.
Hooker (J. D.) Elora of Tasmania, parts 4-6. London, 1856-57,
4to. The Authoe and Publishee.
Horsfield (T.) and Moore (E.) Catalogue of the Lepidopterous
Insects in the Museum of the Hon. East India Company,
vol. 1. London, 1857, 8vo. The Hon. East India Company.
Howard (J. E.) Examination of Pavon's Collection of Peruvian
Barks contained in the British Museum. London, 1853, 8vo.

The Authoe.

Jekel (H.) Eabricia Entomologica, partie 1 & 2. Parisiis, 1853-54,

8vo. The Atjthoe.

Lettre sur le Barypeithes rufipes. 1855, 8vo. The Atjthoe.

Jenyns (Rev. L.) Observations in Meteorology. London, 1858,

12mo. The Atjthoe.

Johnson (C.) and Sowerby (J. E.) Grrasses of Grreat Britain,

parts 1-9. London, 1857-58, 8vo. J. E. Soweeby, Esq.

Journals ; —

Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Parties Zoologique et Bota-
nique. 4eme serie, tome 6, no. 3-6, tome 7, nos. 1-5, and
tome 8, no. 1. Paris, 1856-57, 8vo.
Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 2nd series, nos.
115-121 ; and 3rd series, nos. 1-7. London, 1857-58, 8vo.

EiGHAED Tayloe, Esq., E.L.S.

Atlantis : a Register of Literature and Science, no. 1. London,

1858, 8vo. The Editoes.

Botanical Magazine ; edited by Sir W. J. Hooker, K.H., E.E.S.,

and L.S. 3rd series, nos. 151-162. London, 1857-58, 8vo.
Continental Review, vol. 1, nos. 2 & 3. London, 1858, 4to.

The Editoes.

Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette for 1841-57, and

nos. 1-26 for 1858. The Horticultural part edited by Prof.

Lindley. London, fol.

Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany ; edited by Sir

W. J. Hooker, K.H., &c. Nos. 102-7. London, 1857, 8vo.

The Publishee, L. Reeve, Esq., E.L.S.

■ e2

Ixviii ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

Titles. Donors.

Journals {continued) : —

Limiaea ; herausgegeben von D. F. L. von Schlechtendal. Band

28, heft 4 & 5. Halle, 1856, 8vo. The Editor.

Literary Gazette, new series, nos. 2109-2162. London, 1857-58,

4to. The Publisher, L. Eeeve, Esq., E.L.S.

Natural History Eeview for 1854-57 ; edited by A. H. Haliday,

A.M., and W. H. Harvey, M.D., &c. Yols. 1-4. Dublin,

1854-57, 8vo. The Dublin Unit. Zool. Association.

Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions ; edited by Jacob Bell,

Esq., E.L.S. Nos. 193-204. London, 1857-58, 8vo.

The Editor.
Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 4th series,
nos. 89-104. London, 1857-58, 8vo. E. Taylor, Esq., F.L.S.
Phytologist : new series, nos. 27-37. London, 1857-58, 8vo.

The Publisher, W. Pamplin, Esq., A.L.S.
Provincial Magazine, nos. 5 & 8. London, 1857, 8vo.

The Publisher.

Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science ; by E. Lankester,

M.D., and G. Busk, Esq. Nos. 20-23. London, 1857-58,

8vo. The Microscopical Society.

Zoologist ; edited by E. Newman, Esq. Nos. 179-184. London,

1857, 8vo. The Editor.

Kelaart (E. E.) Introductory Eeport on the Natural History of

the Pearl Oyster of Ceylon. Trincomalee, 1857, 8vo.

The Author.

KoUiker (A.) Untersuchungen zur vergleichende Gewebelehre,

angestellt in Nizza, im Herbste, 1856, 8vo. The Author.

Kotschy (T.) ^demone mirabilis ; ein neues Schwimmholtz vom

Weissen Nil. Wien, 1858, 8vo. The Author.

Die Vegetation und der Canal auf dem Isthmus von Suez.

Wien, 1858, 4to. The Author.
Allgemeiner XJeberblick der Nillander und ihrer Pflanzen-

bekleidung. 8vo. The Author.

— Karte des Oberen Nils, mit botanischen Namen versehen.

und Hohen-tableau des Cilicischen Taurus. The Author.

Kuchenmeister (E.) Animal and Vegetable Parasites of the Human

Body: translated from the Grerman by E. Lankester, M.D.,

E.E. & L.S. Vol. 1, Entozoa. London, 1857, 8vo.

The Translator.
Lankester (E.) The Aquavivarium ; fresh and marine. London,

1856, 12mo. The Author.

ADDITIOITS TO THE LIBRARY. Ixix

Titles. Dokors.

Le Conte (J.) On the venomous Serpents of Georgia, part 1,

1853, 8vo. Sib C. Lyell, E.E. & L.S.

Le Hon (H.) Periodicity des grands Deluges, resultant du mouve-

ment graduel de la ligne des apsides de la terre. Bruxelles,

1858, 8vo. The Author.

Leidy (J.) Contributions towards a knowledge of the Marine

Invertebrate Fauna of Bhode Island and New Jersey. Phila*

delphia, 1855, 4to. Sir C. Lyell, F.E. & L.S.

Lindsay (W. L.) On the Structure of Lecidea lugubris, Somm.

The Author.
Lowe (E. J.) Natural History of Perns, British and Exotic,

parts 39-70. London, 1857-58, 8vo. The Author.

Lubbock (J.) Account of the Two Methods of Eeproduction in

Daphnia ; and of the Structure of the Ephippium. London,

1857, 4to. The Author.
Descriptions of eight new species of Entomostraca, found at

Weymouth. London, 1857, 8vo. The Author.

Macaire ( .) On the Direction assumed by Plants. London,

1848, 4to. Sir Charles Lyell, P.H. & L.S.

Martins (C.) Index Seminum Horti Monspeliensis. 1857.

The Author.
Experiences sur la persistance de la vitalite des graines

flottant a la surface de la mer. 1858, 4to. The Author.

Martini (P. H. W.) Neues Systematisches Conchy lien- Cabinet.

Band 1-3, 4to. (Original MS.) Hugh Cuming, Esq., P.L.S.
Martins (C. P. P. von) Denkrede auf Chr. Sam. Weiss. Miinchen,

1857, 4to. E/. AoAD. of Sciences, Munich.

Denkrede auf I. S. C. Schweigge. lb. 1858, 4to.

The Author.
Ueber die Pflanzen-namen in der Tupi-sprache. lb. 1858,

4to. The Author.

Miers (J.) Illustrations of South American Plants, vol. 2. Lon-
don, 1849-57, 4to. The Author.
Miquel (P. A. Gr.) Ehodoleise (Champ.), generis hactenus dubii,

character ; adjecta specie Sumatrana. 1857, 8vo.

The Author.

Nova genera Apocynearum Indicarum. 8vo. The Author.

Moore (T.) Index Pilicum. Nos. 2-4. London, 1857, 12mo.

The Author.

Handbook of British Perns (3rd edition). lb. 1857, 12mo.

The Author.

IXX ADDITIONS TO THE LIBBAEY.

Titles. DoifOES.

Motschulsky (V. de), Ed. Etudes Entomologiques. 4^ et 5* annees.

Helsingfors, 1855-56, 8vo. The Editor.

Miiller (E.) Account of some new Australian Plants. Melbourne,

1857, 8vo. The ArTHOE.

Miiller ( .) TJeber Spliserozoum und ThalassicoUa. 8vo.

SiE Chaeles Ltell, E.E. & L.S.
Nelson (E. G. P.) Contributions to Yital Statistics (3rd edition).

London, 1857, 4to. The Atjthoe.

Newman (E.) The Insect Hunters ; or Entomology in Verse.

London, 12mo. The Authoe.

Nilsson (S.) Prodromus Ichtliyologise Scandinavicse. Lundse, 1832,

8vo. SiE Chaeles Ltell, E.E. & L.S.

Pamplin (W.) and Irvine (A.) Botanical Tour in tbe Highlands

of Perthshire. London, 1857, 8vo. W. Pamplin, A.L.S.

Perley (M. H.) Catalogue (in part) of the Eishes of New Bruns-
wick and Nova Scotia. Eredericton, 1851, 8vo.

SiE C. Ltell, E.E. & L.S.
Portlock (Col. J. E.) Address delivered at the Anniversary Meet-
ing of the Geological Society, Eeb. 20th, 1857. London, 1857,

8vo. The Society.

Pritzel (G. A.) Iconum Botanicarum Index locupletissimus .

Berlin, 1855, 4to.
Quetelet (A.) Observations des Phenomenes periodiques. 4to.

The Authoe.
Eeeve (L.) Conchologia Iconica : Monographs of the genera Avi-

cula, Capsa, Capsella, Psammobia, Psammotella, Sanguinolaria,

and Solatellina. London, 1856-57, 4to. The Atjthoe.

Saunders (W. W.) and Jekel (H.) Descriptions de quelques Cur-

culionites. 1855, 8vo. M. Jekel.

Schleiden (J. M.) Principles of Scientific Botany : translated by

E. Lankester, M.D., E.E. & L.S. London, 1849, 8vo.

The Teanslatoe.
Schonherr (C. J.) Genera et Species Curculionidum. Catalogus ab

H. Jekel recensus. Parisiis, 1849, 12mo. M. Jekel.

Sclater (P. L.) Monograph of the Tanagrine genus Calliste,

part 4. London, 1857, 8vo. The Atjthoe.

Seemann (B.) Botany of the Voyage of H.M.S. ' Herald,' under

the command of Captain Kellett, E.N., in 1845-51, part 10.

London, 1857, 4to. The Authoe.

Smith (J.) Catalogue of Exotic and Indigenous Eerns. London,

1857, 8vo. The Publishes, W. Pamplin, A.L.S.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. Ixxi

Titles. Donors.

Smith (J. E.) Scientific Correspondence of, from the time of his
becoming possessed of the Collections of Linnaeus till his death
in 1 828 ; the whole arranged by Lady Smith, and handsomely
bound, in nineteen 4to volumes. Lady Smith.

Smith (W. E.) History of Wisconsin, vols. 1 & 3. Madison,
Wisconsin, 1854, 8vo. Historical Society or Wisconsin.

Sowerby (Gr. B.) Thesaurus Conchyliorum, parts 17 & 18. Lon-
don, 1857-58, 8vo.

Stainton (H. T.), Ed. Entomologist's Annual for 1858. London,
12mo. The Editor.

Stainton (H. T.), Zeller ( .), and Douglas (J. W.) Natural
History of the Tineina, vol. 2. London, 1857, 8vo.

H. T. Stainton, Esq.

Sturm (J. W.) Enumeratio Plantarum Yascularum Cryptogami-
carum Chilensium. Niirnberg, 1858, 8vo. The Author.

Torrey (J.) and Grray (A.) Explorations and Surveys for a Rail-
road Route from the Mississippi to the Pacific. E-eports on
the Botany of the Expedition. Washington, 1857, 4to.

Professor Torrey, E.M.L.S.

Van Leeuwen (J.) Octaviae Querela ; Carmen. Amsterdam, 1857,
8vo. The R. Academy of Sciences, Amsterdam.

Yriese (Gr. H. de) Plantse Indiae Batavae Orientalis, quas in itinere
per Insulas Archipelagi Indici, annis 1815-21, exploravit C. Gr, C.
Eeinwardt,fasc.l. Lugduni-Batavorum,1856,4to. The Author.

Memoire sur le Camphrier de Sumatra et de Borneo. Leide,

1856, 4to. The Author.
Ward (P. O.) Sur I'adoucissement, la purification, &c., de I'eau

des grandes villes. Bruxelles, 1857, 8vo. The Author.

Weddell (H. A.) Chi oris Andina. Essai d'une Plore de la region

Alpine des Cordilleres, &c. Tome 1, livr. 1-7, and tome 2,

Hvr. 1. Paris, 1855-57, 4to. The Author.
Monographic de la famille des Urticees {conclusion). lb.

1856-57, 4to. The Author.

Wollaston (T. V.) Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects of

Madeira in the Collection of the British Museum. London,

1857, 8vo. J. E. Gray, Esq., Ph.D., F.L.S.
Wirtgen (P.) Plora der Preussischen Eheinprovinz, und der

zunachst angranzenden Gregenden. Bonn, 1857, 12mo.

The Nat. Hist. Soc. of Bonn.
Wrottesley (Lord) Address read at the Anniversary Meeting of
the Royal Society, Nov. 30th, 1857. London, 1857, S-vo.

The Royal Society.

Ixxii

DONATIONS

TO THE

MUSEUM OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY

[Continued from vol. ii. page Ivii.]

Donations. Donoes.

Specimens of Shells, &c., £pom Wilson's Promontory ; and dried
specimens of Banksia Cunninghamii, S. integrifolia, var. apJileha,
and Hahea carinata, from Australia Pelix. Dr. F. Muller.

Dried Specimens of about 150 species of Madeira Plants ; together
with an entire plant of Monizia edulis, gathered in Madeira
in 1856, by N. H. Mason, Esq., F.L.S.

Dried Specimens of Ghrysocoma LinosyriB, from Weston-super-
Mare, in 1857 ; and of Paonia corallina, gathered in flower, on
the Steep Holmes Island, in May 1857.

Charles Tomkins, Esq., M.D., E.L.S.

Specimens of Kolreuteria paniculata, in fruit ; ripened during the
autumn of 1857, in Chelsea Grarden. T. Moobe, Esq., E.L.S.

Specimens of the Emit of Ailantus glandulosa, and of Hibiscus
syriacus, ripened at Stoke Newington during the autumn of
1857. E. KippiST, Libr. L.S.

Eollicles of StepTianotis florihunda and PJiysianthus alhens ; pro-
duced during the past summer in the garden of Mrs. Eox, of
Grove Hill, near Ealmouth. Mrs. Eox.

Cones and Leaves of Ceratozamia meccicana S , of Zamia furfura-
cea 2 , and Z. cylindrica 5 , from the Conservatory at Lauder-
dale House, Highgate. Jas. Yates, Esq., E.E.S., E.L.S., &c.

Dried Specimens of the Eronds, and sections of the Stems, of
several arborescent Eerns from New Zealand.

T. S. Ealph, Esq., A.L.S.

Specimen of Dryobalanops Camphora, from Sumatra.

Dr. deYriese.

Drawing of the Blue Mountain Waratah {Telopea speciosissima,
E. Br.). George Suttor, Esq., E.L.S.

Cast from a Bust of Linnaeus in the Meeting-room of the Academy
of Sciences, Stockholm ; taken at the age of 64 years.

Prof. Andersson, of Stockholm.

Cast of a Bust of the late Dr. Pereira, E.E.S., E.L.S.; by
Mc Dowell. Mrs. Pereira, through Jacob Bell, Esq., E.L.S.

Cast of a Medallion Portrait of Thomas Bell, Esq., Pres. L.S. ;
by Tupper. A Eellow of the Society.

Portrait of N. B. Ward, Esq., E.E.S., E.L.S. ; painted by J. P.
Knight, Esq., E.A. The Subscribers.

JOURNAL OF THE PROCEEDINGS

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

On the Importance of an Examination of the Structure of the
Integument of Crustacea in the determination of doubtful
Species. — Application to the genus Galathea, with the De-
scription of a New Species of that G-enus. By Spence Bate,
Esq., E.L.S.

[Read January 21, 1858.]

Or the various genera of Decapod Crustacea none are more inter-
esting, or more difficult of description, than those which constitute
the family G-alatheadse.

The interest attaching to these forms arises from the interme-
diate position which they occupy in the natural arrangement of
the class, their structure placing them between the Macrura and
Brachyura ; in accordance with which we find that, whilst Pro-
fessor M.-Edwards classes them among the Macrura, Professor
Bell, in his work on the British Crustacea, places them (more
correctly, as we think) in the intermediate group of Anomura.

This opinion is fully borne out both in the development of the
animals and in their structure in the adult state.

The early form of the larva bears, anteriorly, a resemblance to
the Brachyural type, whilst the caudal appendages assimilate to
those of the Macrura. The same conditions obtain in the young
of Anomura. At the time of birth, the larva, like that of the
Brachyura, has only the two gnathopoda developed, whilst the

LTNN. PROO. ZOOLOGY. 1

2 Mil. SPENCE BATE OK THE IMPORTAKCE OE EXAMINATION

termination of the tail is like that of a fish, as in the Macrura.
In the adult, the internal antennae possess short flagella and com-
plementary appendages, such as exist in the order Brachyura,
whilst the external antennae have the long and slender flagella
proper to the Macrura. The scale, however, commonly appended
to the external antennae in the latter order is wanting, a circum-
stance which exhibits a relation to the Brachyura.

An examination of the legs shows that the coxae are fused with
the thorax, as in the Brachyura, and not articulated with it as in
the Macrura, whilst, on the other hand, the posterior division
and caudal termination approach the Macrural type more nearly
than that of the Brachyura, the animal thus assuming a cha-
racter intermediate between the two orders.

But in the description of the several species of the genus Gala-
tJiea, a peculiar difficulty appears to arise, originating in the affinity
which they bear to each other. So close, in fact, is the approxi-
mation, that the descriptions of the best writers will scarcely avail
for the distinction of the individual species without the assistance
of figures. This arises from the fact that the general characters,
upon which the descriptions are based, vary, in this genus, only in
their comparative degrees of development.

In the three species recognized in Professor Bell's work on the
British Crustacea, it will be found that each species retains the
same characters in greater or less degree.

Galathea strigosa is peculiar for the spinous character of the
carapace and cheliform legs. Every spine, however, is repeated
in both the other species, only less developed. We. find the
rostrum furnished with four lateral teeth on each side, a character
which also exists in each of the other species ; and although close
observation may detect a slightly different arrangement in the
relative position of these teeth, the differences are not of sufficient
importance to enable a naturalist thence to derive a specific dis-
tinction, unless the peculiarity is seconded by some more unqua-
lified character less liable to be affected by any peculiarity of
condition.

In order to arrive at more certain residts in the identification
of species, we think that the microscopic examination of the sur-
face of the integument will be found peculiarly useful.

This mode of examination of species may also be applied to a
considerable extent throughout the Crustacea generally with great
advantage ; and if found valuable in recent, there can be no doubt
that it will prove of far greater importance in extinct forma, where

OF THE INTEGUMENT OF CRUSTACEA. 3

parts on which the identification of species usually rests are lost,
and fragments only of the animal obtainable.

It should be borne in mind that, as the structure in question
undergoes modifications more or less considerable in different parts
of the animal, it will always be advisable to compare the corre-
sponding parts with each other.

Applying this test to the known species of Galathea^ we perceive
that the structure of the integument upon the arms, independent
of the marginal spines, exhibits a squamiform appearance, but
that the scales, which characterize the structure, possess features
peculiar to each species.

In Qalathea strigosa the scales are convex, distant from each
other, smooth at the edge, and fringed with long hairs. In G.
squamifera they are convex, closely placed, scalloped at the
edge, and without hairs. In G. nexa the scales are obsolete, tufts
of hair representing the supposed edges. In G. depressa^ n. sp.,
the scales are broad, less convex than in G. strigosa and G. squa-
mifera^ smooth, closely set, and fringed with short hairs. In G.
Andrewsii they are small, distant, very convex, tipped with red,
and slightly furnished with hair.

As another instance of the practical application of the micro-
scopical examination of the surface, I would refer to two species
of Amphipoda, classed by Leach under the name of Gammartis
Locusta, from his inability to assign them any separate specific
characters. In the structure of their integuments, however, these
two forms will be found to exhibit widely different microscopical
appearances.

Again, there exists in the same group three or four species, the
description of any one of which would apply to either of the others ;
and it is probable they would never have been ranked as separate
species had not their habitats been geographically distant. Thus
GammartLS Olivii, M.-Ed., G. qffinis, M.-E., G. Kroyii, Eathke, and
G. gracilis, H., can only be specifically determined by a micro-
scopic examination of the integument.

The same may be said of other Amphipoda, such as TTrothoe
inostratus, Dana, from South America, which so nearly resembles
in form the IT. elegans of the British shores.

Galathea dispersa, mihi.

G. rostro brevi, dentibus 4 utrinque ornato, 2 anterioribus minoribus ;
pedibus anterioribus elongatis, sparse spinosis ; chelarum digitis
parallelis.

1*

^ MB. SMITH S CATALOGUE OF IITMENOPTEROUS INSECTS

Galathea with short rostrum, armed on each side with 4 teeth, the two
posterior being less important than the two anterior. The fingers of
the chelae impinge through their whole length ; outer margin of the
hand furnished with 3 or 4 small spines.

Hab. Trawling-ground, Plymouth, common; Moray Frith, Scotland.

This species unites G. Andrewsii with G. nexa, and, I think, has
often been mistaken for the young of the latter ; but G. nexa,
so far as my experience goes, is a species peculiar to the north of
England, whereas G. dispersa, I anticipate, will be found to be the
most universally dispersed, in deep water, of any of the species
known. It can always be detected from G. nexa by the form of the
hand and the manner in which the fingers impinge : in G. nexa the
hand is broad tow^ards the extremity, and the fingers meet only at
the apex ; in G. dispersa the hand gradually narrows to the apex,
and the fingers meet each other through their whole length, the
inner margin of the finger being finely serrated, the thumb not.

It also may be distinguished from G. Andrewsii by the breadth
of the hands, which are narrow and round in G. Andrewsii, and
moderately broad and flat in G. dispersa.

By an examination of the texture of the integument under a
magnifying power of low degree, the surface of G. dispersa will be
seen distinctly to differ from that of any of the others ; it is covered
w^ith flat scales, fringed with short cilia. The length of the animal,
including the arms, is about 2| inches.

Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects collected at Celebes by Mr.
A. E. Wallace. By FredeeiCk: Smith, Esq., Assistant in
the Zoological Department, B^ish Museum. Communicated
by W. W. Satjndees, Esq., F.E.S., E.L.S.

[Eead April 15th, 1858.]

This collection of the Hymenoptera of Celebes is specially inter-
esting, as adding greatly to our know^ledge of the geographical
range of many well-known species, while the additions made to
the Fossorial group contain many of great beauty and rarity. A
new species belonging to the tribe of Solitary Wasps, Odynerus
clavicornis, is perhaps the most interesting insect in the collection ;
this Wasp has clavate antennae, the flagellum being broadly dilated
towards the apex, convex above and concave beneath. I am not
acquainted with any other insect belonging to the Vespidious
group which exhibits such an anomaly.

COLLECTED AT CELEBES. 5

Fam. ANDEENID^,, Leach.
Gren. Sphecodes, Latr.

1. Sphecodes insularis. S. niger, abdominis segmentis primo
secundo et tertio (basi) rubris ; alls hyalinis.

Male. Length 3^ lines. Head and thorax black, closely and strongly
punctured ; the face below the antennae with silvery- white pubescence;
the joints of the flagellura submoniliform ; the mandibles ferruginous.
Thorax : the tegulse pale rufo- testaceous, wings hyaline, the nervures
ferruginous ; the metathorax coarsely rugose ; the articulations of the
legs and the tarsi ferruginous. Abdomen : the first, second, and base
of the third segments red, the apical ones black, very finely and
closely punctured, with the apical margins of the segments smooth
and shining ; a black spot in the middle of the basal segment.

Hab. Celebes.

Gren. NoMiA, Latr.

1. NoMiA PUNCTATA. N. nigra nitida punctata, alis nigro-fuscis.
Male. Length 4^ lines. Shining black : head and thorax coarsely

punctured, the metathorax ruggedly sculptured, truncate at the apex,
the truncation and sides smooth with a few fine punctures ; the ab-
domen closely and rather finely punctured, the apical margins of the
segments smooth and shining. The tips of the mandibles, the tarsi
and apex of the abdomen rufo-testaceous, the wings fuscous.
Hab. Celebes.

2. NoMiA FLAViPES. N. nigra pedibus flavis, abdomine cinereo fas-
ciato, alis hyalinis.

Female. Length 3^ lines. Black ; the face and cheeks densely clothed
with short cinereous pubescence, the vertex thinly so; the margins
of the prothorax, mesothorax and scutellum with a line of pale
ochraceous pubescence, the disk of the thorax thinly covered with
short pubescence of the same colour, the emargination of the meta-
thorax as well as its sides with longer pubescence of the same colour ;
the base of the abdomen and basal margin of the second and following
segments covered with short cinereous pubescence. The flagellum
beneath fulvous; the mandibles ferruginous. The legs reddish-
yellow, with the coxae and base of the femora black; the wings
hyaline ; the tegulae yellow, the nervures pale testaceous.

Hab. Celebes.

3. NoMiA FORMOSA. JV. capite thoraccquc nigris ; abdomine chalybco ;
marginibus apicalibus segmentorum caeruleo fasciatis.

Female. Length 5^ lines. Head and thorax black and very closely
punctured ; the face covered with griseous pubescence ; the clypeus
with a central longitudinal carina. Thorax : the apical margin of the
prothorax, the margins of the scutellum, and the sides of the meta-

6 MB. smith's catalogue of hymenopterous insects

thorax covered with a dense short ochraceous pubescence ; the disk
of the thorax thinly sprinkled with short black hairs ; the posterior
tibiae obscurely ferruginous; the tarsi ferruginous; thelegs coveredwith
bright golden-yellow pubescence ; wings subhyaline, the nervures fer-
ruginous ; the tegulae yellow with a fuscous stain in the middle. Ab-
domen obscurely chalybeous, closely punctured, the two basal segments
strongly so ; the apical margins of the segments with smooth shining
narrow blue fasciae.

Male. Closely resembling the female, but with the legs black; the
posterior femora incrassate, the tibiae narrow at their base and broadly
dilated at their apex, which, as well as the calcaria, are pale testaceous.

This species closely resembles a species from North China, N. chaly-

beata, Westw. MS., from which it is readily distinguished by the form

of the fourth ventral segment, which is notched in the middle,

rounded, and then emarginate with the lateral angles rounded; in the

species from China the margin is arched, and fringed with fulvous

pubescence.

a.

4. NoMiA HALI0TOIDES. N. nigra, pube cinerea tecta, abdominis
segmentis intermediis pube alba fasciatis.

Female. Length A\ lines. Black ; head and thorax opake, and thinly
clothed with cinereous pubescence, that on the disk of the thorax and
margin of the scutellum slightly ochraceous. The flagellum fulvous
beneath, the mandibles ferruginous at their apex ; the tarsi ferruginous,
wings hyaline, nervures fuscous, stigma testaceous. Abdomen shining,
delicately punctured; the basal margins of the second, third, and
fourth segments with a band of cinereous pubescence, attenuated in
the middle.

Hah. Celebes.

Fam. DASTGASTE^.

1. Megachile incisa. M. nigra, rude et dense punctata, facie fulvo
pubescente; alis fuscis, segmentis abdominis marginibus multo de-
pressis.

Male. Length b^ lines. Black ; closely and strongly punctured, the
punctures confluent on the abdomen. The face clothed with fulvous
pubescence. The tarsi obscurely rufo-piceous, the claws ferruginous ;
wings dark fuscous, their base hyaline. Abdomen : the apical mar-
gins of the segments smooth, impunctate, their basal margins very
deeply depressed ; a deep fovea at the tip of the apical segment ; the
head, thorax, and abdomen clothed beneath with short cinereous
pubescence.

Hab. Celebes.

2. Megachile fulvifrons. M. nigra, delicatule punctata; facie
dense fulvo pubescente ; thoracis lateribus abdomineque subtus fulvo
pubescentibus ; fasciis marginalibus abdominis fulvis.

COLLECTED AT CELE13ES. /

Female. Length 7 lines. Black ; head and thorax closely punctured,
the abdomen delicately so and shining ; the mandibles stout, with two
acute teeth at their apex, shining and covered with oblong punctures;
the face, sides of the thorax, and abdomen beneath, densely clothed
with fulvous pubescence ; the apical margins of the segments of the
abdomen above with narrow fasciae of short fulvous pubescence ; the
abdomen in certain lights has a metallic tinge.

The male is similarly clothed to the female, the margins of the seg-
ments are deeply depressed, and that of the apical segment slightly
notched in the middle.

Hab. Celebes.

3. Megachile terminalis. M. nigra, capite thoraceque dense
punctatis ; abdoraine pube nigra vestito ; segmentis duobus apicalibus
pube alba vestitis ; alis fuscis.

Female. Length 9 lines. Black; the face with tufts of black pu-
bescence above the insertion of the antennae ; mandibles very stout,
with an acute tooth at their apex, the inner margin subdentate, and
covered with fine cinereous pubescence. Thorax with black pu-
bescence at the sides of the metathorax; the wings dark fuscous.
Abdomen clothed with black pubescence ; the fifth and sixth segments
clothed with ochraceous pubescence above, that on the sixth nearly
white.

Hah. Celebes.

This species resembles the M. ornata ; but when viewed beneath, the
dififerent colour of the pollen-brush at once separates them.

Q-en. Cekatina, Bpin.

L Ceratina viridis, GWr. Icon. Reg. Ann. AAA. t. 73. f. 6.
Hah. India (Bengal, N. India), Ceylon, Celebes, China.

2. Ceratina hieroglyphica. Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. ii. 226.

Hah. Northern India, Celebes, Phihppine Islands, Hong Kong.

Fam. DENUDAT^.

1. Stelis ABDOMiNALis. S. dense punctata, capitc thoracequc nigris,
abdomine ferrugineo ; alis nigro-fuscis violaceo iridescentibus.

Male. Length 5 lines. Head and thorax black, abdomen ferruginous ;

head and thorax strongly punctured, the scutellum very strongly so ;

the sides of the face and the anterior margin of the face fringed with

white pubescence. The posterior margin of the scutellum rounded ;

wings dark brown with a violet iridescence. Abdomen ferruginous

and closely punctured.
Hah. Celebes.

2. CcELioxYS FULViFRONS. C. nigra, rude punctata, facie pube fiilva
vestita ; alis fuscis cupreo iridescentibus.

Male. Length 6 lines. Black ; the head and thorax with large con-

MB. SMITH S CATA.LOaUE OF HYMENOPTEEOUS INSECTS

fluent punctures ; the face clothed with fulvous pubescence. Thorax :
a stout tooth on each side of the scutellum at its base ; wings dark
brown with a coppery effulgence, subhyaline at their base ; beneath
clothed with short cinereous pubescence. Abdomen : elongate, co-
nical ; closely punctured, with the apical and basal margins of the seg-
ments smooth ; the apical segment with a tooth on each side at its base
and four at its apex ; beneath the margins of the segments fringed
with pale pubescence ; the apical margin of the fourth segment notched
in the middle j the fifth entirely clothed with pale pubescence.
Hab. Celebes.

Fam. SCOPULIPEDES.
Gen. Anthophoea, Latr.

1. Anthophora zonata, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 955. 19.
Hab. India, Ceylon, Malacca, Sumatra, Borneo, Philippine Islands,
Hong Kong, Shanghai, Celebes.

Gren. Xtlocopa, Latr.

1. Xylocopa fenestrata, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 339. 6. S .
Hab. India, Celebes.

2. Xylocopa sestuans, Linn. Syst. Nat. 961. 53.
Hab. India, Java, Singapore, Celebes.

3. Xylocopa Dejeanii, St. Farg. Hym. ii. 209. 59.
Hab. Java, Borneo, Sumatra, Celebes.

4. Xylocopa coUaris, St. Farg. Hym. ii. 189. 26.
Hab. India, Sumatra, Malacca, Borneo, Celebes.

5. Xylocopa nobilis. X. nigra, pube nigra induta; abdominis basi
pube flava, apice lateritio.

Female. Length 11 lines. Black; a narrow line of pale fulvous pu-
bescence on the margin of the thorax in front, a patch of the same
colour on each side of the metathorax, and the basal segment of the
abdomen covered above with similar pubescence ; the apical margin
of the third and fourth segments, and the fifth and six entirely, covered
with bright brick-red pubescence; the wings black, with coppery
iridescence.

Hab. Celebes.

Fam. SOCIALES.

1. Apis zonata. A. nigra, thoracis lateribus dense ochraceo pu-
bescentibus; aUs fumatis; abdomine nitido, segmentis secundo
tertio quartoque basi niveo pubescentibus.

Worker. Length 8-8^ lines. Black ; the head and thorax opake, the
abdomen shining; the clypeus smooth and shining, the flagellum
rufo-piceous beneath; the anterior margin of the labrum narrowly,

COLLECTED AT CELEBES. 9

and the apex of the mandibles, ferruginous ; the face with a little fine
short cinereous pubescence above the insertion of the antennae ; the
vertex with long black pubescence ; the eyes covered with short black
pubescence. Thorax : the sides with ochraceous pubescence ; wings
smoky, the superior pair darkest at their anterior margin beyond the
stigma. Abdomen : a snow-white band at the basal margin of the
second, third, and fourth segments, the bands continued beneath, but
narrower.

Hab. Celebes, Philippine Islands.

Specimens of this species denuded of their white bands would approach
the A. unicolor of Latreille ; but that insect is described as having the
anterior wings black ; in the present species both pairs are of the same
smoky colour, not approaching black.

Earn. MUTILLID^.

Gen. MuTiLLA.

1. Mutilla sexmaculata, Swed. Nov. Act. Holm. viii. 286. 44. ? .
Mutilla fuscipennis, Fabr. Syst. Piez. 436. 35. <? .

Hab. India (Punjaub, &c.), China, Java, Celebes.

2. Mutilla unifasciata. Smith, Cat. Hym. pt. iii. p. 38.
Hab. India, Celebes.

3. Mutilla rufogastra, St. Farg. Hym. iii. 629. 61. <J.
Hab, India, Celebes.

4. Mutilla volatilis. M. nigra, rude punctata et pubescens ;
capite abdomineque nitidis, alis fusco-hyalinis.

Male. Length 5-6 hues. Black. Head and thorax very coarsely punc-
tured; head and disk of the thorax punctured; the metathorax
opake, with a central abbreviated channel and covered with large
shallow punctures ; the eyes notched on their inner margin ; wings
fuscous and iridescent; the tegulse smooth and shining. Abdomen
shining and rather finely punctured ; the basal segment narrow and
campanulate; the margins of the segments thickly fringed with
silvery-white hair; the cheeks, sides of the thorax, and beneath the
legs and abdomen with scattered long silvery-white hairs.

Hab. Celebes.

Fam. SCOLIADJE, Leach.
Gen. ScoLiA, Fabr.

1. Scolia erratica, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. pt. iii. p. 88. 10.
Scolia verticalis, Burm. Abh. Nat.-Ges. Halle, i. 37. 61.
Hab. India, Sumatra, Celebes.

2. Scolia aurulenta, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. pt. iii. p. 102. 80. (nee Fabr.).
Hab. Philippine Islands, Celebes.

10 MR. smith's catalogue of hymenopterous insects

3. Scolia fimbriata, Burm. Abh. Nat.-Ges. Halle, i. p. 32. 24.
Hab. Java, Celebes.

4. Scolia dimidiata, Gu&. Voy. Coq. Zool. ii. pt. 2. p. 248.
Hab. Senegal, Celebes.

5. Scolia TERMINATA. S. nigra, clypeo mandibulisque flavis, thoraee
flavo variegato, alis hyalinis, abdomine flavo quinque-fasciato, api-
cisque marginibus flavis.

Male. Length 5 lines. Black; the clypeus, labium, and mandibles
yellow J the former with a triangular black spot in the middle ; the
latter ferruginous at their apex. The posterior margin of the pro-
thorax, the tegulae, a transverse curved line on the scutellum, and a
spot on the postscutellum yellow; the anterior and intermediate
tarsi, tibiae, and knees, and the posterior tibiae outside, yellow ; a black
line on the intermediate tibiae beneath, and the apical joints of the
tarsi fuscous; wings hyaline, the nervures ferruginous. Abdomen
brightly prismatic; the margins of all the segments with a narrow
yellow fascia, those on the second and third segments terminating at
the sides in a large rounded macula ; the fascia very narrow or obli-
terated on the sixth segment ; the fasciae on the second and third
segments continued beneath.

Hab. Celebes.

6. Scolia agilis. S. nigra, mandibulis clypeoque flavis, alis fiilvo-
hyalinis, abdomine prismatico flavo quadrifasciato.

Male. Length 8 lines. Black and punctured, with thin long griseous
pubescence ; the vertex, disk of the thorax, and the abdomen shining ;
the mandibles and clypeus yellow, the latter with a black bell- shaped
spot in the middle ; wings fulvo-hyaline, the nervures ferruginous ;
the tibiae with a yellow line outside. Abdomen beautifully prismatic ;
the first and three following segments with a yellow fascia on their
apical margins, the second and two following much attenuated in the
middle, or the fourth interrupted.

Hab. Celebes.

7. Scolia fulvipennis. S. nigra, antennis capiteque supra basin
antennarum rubris, alis fulvo-hyalinis.

Male. Length 7 lines. Black ; the antennae and the head above their
insertion ferruginous, the scape black, the head coarsely punctured.
Thorax : coarsely punctured ; the mesothorax with an abbreviated
deeply impressed line in the middle of its anterior margin ; wings
fulvo-hyahne, the nervures ferruginous ; the apex of the wings slightly
fuscous, the anterior pair with two submarginal cells and one recurrent
nervure. Abdomen : shining, punctured, and prismatic.

Hab. Celebes.

8. Scolia Alecto. S. nigra, capite supra basin antennarum rubro ;
alis nigris violaceo micantibus.

COLLECTED AT CELEBES, 11

Female. Length 14 lines. Black and shining; head red above the
insertion of the antennae, very smooth and glossy, with a few punctures
at the sides of and in front of the ocelli ; antennae black ; the man-
dibles with a fringe of ferruginous hairs on their inferior margin.
Thorax : smooth on the disk, which has a few scattered punctures at
the sides j the scutellum punctured and shining ; the thorax in front
and the metathorax with black pubescence, the latter widely emar-
ginate at the verge of the truncation, the lateral angles produced ;
wings black with a bright violet iridescence. Abdomen punctured,
with the middle of the second, third, and fourth segments smooth and
shining in the middle ; the first segment with a smooth shining carina
at its base slightly produced forwards, the abdomen with a slight
metallic lustre. The wings with one marginal and three submarginal
cells, and one recurrent nervure.

Male. Smaller than the female, and differs in having the clypeus red
and the red colour running down behind the eyes, the antennae
longer, and the abdomen with a bright metallic iridescence.

Hah. Celebes.

9. ScoLiA MiNUTA. S. nigra, abdominc iridcscente, scgmcntorum mar-
ginibus apicalibus flavo fasciatis, alis subhyalinis iridescentibus.

Male. Length 4 lines. Head and thorax black and shining, with scat-
tered pale pubescence ; the mandibles and clypeus yellow, the latter
with an anchor-shaped black spot. Thorax : the posterior margin of
the prothorax and the anterior and intermediate tibiae and tarsi yellow ;
a minute yellow spot on the postscutellum yellow; the wings sub-
hyaline, the nervures fusco-ferruginous. Abdomen : the apical mar-
gins of the segments with a narrow yellow border, the second and
third uniting with a lateral spot ; the sixth segment immaculate ; the
apex pale testaceous.

Hob. Celebes.

Tarn. POMPILID^, Leach.

\. Pompilus analis. Fair. Syst. Piez. p. 209. 42.
Hab. India, Java, Ceylon, Celebes.

2. Pompilus saltitans. P. niger, pedibus subferrugineis, protho-
racis margine postica flava; alis flavo-hyalinis, apice fuscis, abdomine
pilis cinereis fasciato.

Female. Length 6 lines. Black and thinly covered with ashy pile.
The scape, labrum, mandibles and palpi ferruginous; the clypeus
widely emarginate anteriorly. The posterior margin of the prothorax
angular and with a yellow border ; the scutellum prominent, covered
on each side with a dense silvery-white pile, the postscutellum with
two spots of the same; the wings flavo-hyaline, their apex with a
broad dark-fuscous border, the nervures ferruginous, the tegulae yellow ;
the posterior wings palest ; legs pale ferruginous, the coxae black with

12 ME. smith's catalogue of hymenopterous insects

their tips pale ; the apical joints of the tarsi blackish, the spines of
the legs black. Abdomen : the first, second, and third segments with
a fascia of silvery-white pile at their basal margins ; the apex of the
abdomen ferruginous.
Hab. Celebes.

3. PoMPiLUS CONTORTUS. P. nigcr, cinereo-pilosus, prothorace flavo
postice marginato ; alis subhyalinis, marginibus apicalibus fuscis, pe-
dibus subferrugineis.

Female. Length 5^ lines. Black; the head, thorax, and four basal
segments of the abdomen covered with ashy pile ; the first and second
segments with their apical margins naked. The scape yellow in front j
the flagellum beneath, the labrum, mandibles and palpi ferruginous ;
the joints of the antennae arcuate, particularly the apical ones ; the
apex of each joint is oblique, giving the antennae a twisted appear-
ance. Thorax : the posterior margin of the prothorax angular and
with a broad yellow border ; the scutellum compressed and prominent ;
wings subhyaline with a broad fuscous border at their apex, the tegulae
yellow ; legs pale ferruginous, with their coxae and trochanters black ;
the apical joints of the tarsi fuscous. Abdomen with a yellow macula
at the tip.

Hab. Celebes.

4. PoMPiLUS PILIFRONS. P. nigcr, facie argenteis pilis dense tecta ;
thorace abdomineque flavo raaculatis, alis subhyalinis, apice fuscis.

Female. Length 4| lines. Black ; the face densely covered with silvery-
white pile J a narrow line at the inner orbits of the eyes, the palpi and
mandibles yellow ; the latter ferruginous at their apex. The posterior
margin of the prothorax rounded and yellow ; a minute yellow spot on
the mesothorax touching the scutellum, the thorax and abdomen
covered with a changeable silky pile; the wings subhyaline, their
nervures fuscous, a broad dark fuscous border at the apex of the
superior pair. A transverse spot on each side of the basal margin of
the second and third segments, and an emarginate fascia on that of
the fifth, yellow.

5. PoMPiLUS DECEPTOR. P. rufcscenti-flavus ; vertice nigro, alis an-
ticis apice fuscis.

Male. . Length 6 lines. Pale reddish-yellow ; the antennae slightly
dusky above; a black transverse stripe on the vertex between the
eyes, and another issuing from it in the middle and passing beyond
the ocelli. Thorax : a black stripe on each side of the mesothorax
over the tegulae ; the wings subhyaline, the nervures ferruginous, the
superior pair fuscous at their apex. Abdomen immaculate.

Subgenus Peiocnemis.
1. Priocnemis RUFiFROiNS. P. nigcr ; facie, antennis, tibiis tarsisque

COLLECTED AT CELEBES. 13

ferrugineis, alis fulvo-hyalinis ; abdominis segmento apicali flavo uni-
maculato.

Female. Length 9^ lines. Black ; the face above the clypeus, as high
as the anterior ocellus, reddish-yellow ; the extreme edge of the cly-
peus, the labrum and base of the mandibles ferruginous ; the antennae
reddish-yellow. Thorax : fulvo-hyaline, with a dark fuscous border
at the apex; the knees, tibiae and tarsi reddish-yellow j the two
latter spinose. Abdomen : gradually tapering to an acute point at
the apex, the sixth segment with an elongate red spot.

Hub. Celebes.

Subgenus Agenia.

1. Agenia blanda, Guer. Voy. Coq. Zool. ii. pt. 2. p. 260.

2. Agenia. BiMACULATA. J.nigra, cinereo-pilosa, clypeoplagisduabus
flavis ; antennarum articulis apicalibus, tibiis tarsisque anticis et inter-
mediis femoribusque posticis ferrugineis; alis subhyalinis, nervuris
nigris.

Female. Length 7 lines. Black, and covered with ashy pile ; a large
macula on each side of the clypeus, the mandibles and palpi yellow ;
the base and apex of the mandibles rufo-piceous ; the flagellum pale
ferruginous, more or less fuscous above towards the base. Thorax :
the posterior margin of the prothorax arched ; the anterior and inter-
mediate tibiae and tarsi and the femora at their apex beneath, also
the posterior femora, pale ferruginous; the wings subhyaline, the
nervures dark fuscous. Abdomen : the apical margins of the segments
obscurely and narrowly rufo-piceous, the apex ferruginous.

Hab. Celebes.

Gen. Maceomebis, St. Farg

1. Macromeris splendida, St. Farg. Hym. iii. 463. 1. 3 .
Hab. India, China, Malacca, Borneo, Java, Celebes.

G-en. Mtgnimta, Smith.

1 . Mygnimia iridipennis. Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. p. 98.
Hab. Celebes, Borneo.

This insect, a female, is 5 lines larger than M. iridipennis ; but I can
point out no other distinction beyond a shght difference in the colour
of the wings : the specimen from Boraeo has a metallic bluish-green
iridescence, the Celebes insect has a violet iridescence; notwithstand-
ing which I am inclined to regard them as one species.

2. Mygnimia fumipennis. M. aurantiaco-rubra, alis obscure fuscis.

Female. Length 9 lines. Orange-red ; the anterior margin of the cly-
peus entire ; the labrum produced, its anterior margin widely emar-
ginate ; eyes large, black and ovate. Thorax : the posterior margin

14 MR. smith's catalogue of htmenopterotjs insects

of the prothorax rounded ; the mesothorax with a longitudinal fuscous
stripe on each side, widest anteriorly ; the metathorax truncate ; above,
transversely striate ; the tibiae and tarsi spinose ; wings dark fuscous,
with a pale semitransparent macula at the base of the second discoidal
cell and a dark fuscous macula beyond ; the insect entirely covered
with a fine orange-red downy pile.
Hab. Celebes.

Fam. SPHEGID^.

1. Sphex prjedator. S. niger, rude punctatus, facie pube fulva ves-
tita; alis fuscis cupreo iridescentibus.

Male. Length 10^ lines. Black ; the head and thorax opake. Abdo-
men shining blue-black. The face with silvery pile on each side of
the clypeus, and sprinkled with erect black hairs. Thorax : the pos-
terior margin of the prothorax with a line of silvery pubescence ; the
metathorax with a short light-brown pubescence at the apex, and
thinly clothed with black hairs ; wings dark brown, with a brilliant
violet iridescence. Abdomen blue-black, smooth and shining.

Hab. Celebes.

2. Ammophila insolata. a. nigra, scapo mandibulis, pedibus, ab-
dominisque segmentis primo et secundo ferrugineis ; alis subhyalinis.

Female. Length 8^ lines. Black ; the scape, the base of the flagellum
beneath, the anterior margin of the clypeus and the mandibles ferru-
ginous ; the latter black at their apex. Thorax : the prothorax smooth
and shining; the meso- and metathorax above transversely striated,
the scutellum longitudinally so ; the legs ferruginous, with their coxae
black J a spot of silvery-white pubescence on each side of the meta-
thorax at its base, and two at its apex close to the insertion of the
petiole ; the wings fulvo-hyaline with the nervures ferruginous. Ab-
domen : the petiole and the following segment red, the base of the
third also slightly red ; the three apical segments obscurely blue, with
a thin glittering pile.

The male differs in having the legs black, their articulations only being
ferruginous ; the head entirely black with the face densely covered
with silvery- white pile. The thorax is sculptured as in the other sex ;
the petiole more elongate and slender, the basal joint black, the
second and the first segment ferruginous beneath ; the rest of the
abdomen blue.

Hab. Celebes.

Gen. Pelop^us, Latr.

1. Pelopaeus Madraspatanus, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 203. 3.
Hab. Malabar, Madras, Nepaul, Bengal, Celebes.

2. Pelopaeus Bengalensis, Dahlb. Syst. Nat. i. 941. 2,

Hab. India, Philippine Islands, China, Isle of France, Celebes.

COLLECTED AT CELEBES. 15

3. PELOPiEUS INTRUDENS. P. niger ; clypeo bidentato, tibiis anticis
et intermediis, femorumque apice, femoribusque posticis basi, tro-
chanteribus, tibiarum dimidio basali, petioloque rufescenti-flavis ; alis
fulvo-hyalinis.

Female. Leugth 1] lines. Black; the face with silvery pubescence;
the clypeus with two large blunt teeth at its apex, formed by a deep
notch in its anterior margin ; the scape reddish-yellow in front. The
meso- and metathorax transversely striated ; the wings fulvo-hyaline,
the nervures ferruginous; the anterior and intermediate tibiae and
the femora at their apex, the posterior femora at their base, the
trochanters, the tibia; with their basal half and the middle of the
basal joint of the posterior tarsi, reddish-yellow; the petiole of the
abdomen of a paler yellow ; the abdomen smooth and shining. The
male only differs in being rather smaller.

Hab. Celebes.

Mr. Wallace says of this species, " A common house-wasp in Macassar ;
builds mud cells on rafters."

Note, — In describing the species of this genus collected by Mr. Wallace
at Borneo, I incorrectly gave that locality for P. javanus. The insect
mistaken for that species may be shortly characterized as P. benignus,
length 12 lines. Opake-black, with the petiole shining ; the meta-
thorax transversely striated ; the wings pale fulvo-hyaline, the ner-
vures ferruginous ; the scape in front, the anterior and intermediate
tibiae, the apex of the femora, and the basal joint of the tarsi reddish-
yellow ; the posterior legs, with the trochanters and basal half of the
femora, yellow.

4. PELOP.EUS FLAVO-FASCiATUS. P. uigcr ; capitc thoraceque flavo
variegato ; pedibus abdominisque basi ferrugineis ; alis hyalinis, apice
fuscis, abdominisque segmento tertio fascia lata flava ornato.

Female. Length 9 lines. Black ; the clypeus yellow ; the mandibles
and scape ferruginous, the former black at their base, the latter
yellow in front; the sides of the face with a bright golden pile.
Thorax : the posterior margin of the prothorax, the tegulse, scutellum,
and a quadrr.te spot on each side of the metathorax at its base
yellow ; the legs ferruginous, with the coxae, trachanters, and claw-
joint of the tarsi black ; wings fulvo-hyaline, the nervures ferrugi-
nous, a fuscous spot at the apex of the anterior pair; the meso- and
metathorax transversely striated, the latter with a yellow spot at the
insertion of the petiole. Abdomen : the petiole slightly curved up-
wards, the first segment ferruginous; a broad yellow fascia at the
apex of the third segment, the apex of the fourth with a narrow
obscure fascia; the abdomen covered with a fine silky pile.

Hab. Celebes.

Earn. BEMBICIDiE, Westw.

1. Bembex trepanda, Dahlb. Hym. Europ. i. p. 181.

Hab. India, Celebes.

16 MR. smith's catalogue of htmenopterous insects

Fam. LAEEID^.
Genus Larra, Fdbr.

1. Larra prismatica. Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. p. 103.
Hah. Malacca, Celebes.

Genus Larrada, Smith.

1. Larrada aurulenta, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. pt. iv. 276. 6.
Sphex aurulenta, Fabr. Mant. i. 274. 10.

Hab. India, Java, Sumatra, Celebes, Philippine Islands, China, Cape
of Good Hope, Gambia.

2. Larrada exilipes. Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. pt. iv. p. 278.

3. Larrada ^edilis. L. nigra; facie argenteo-pilosa, alis sub-
hyalinis, articulis apicalibus tarsorum rufo-testaceis, abdomine laevi
et nitido.

Female. Length 5^- lines. Black; head and thorax subopake, the
abdomen shining; the face densely covered with silvery pile, the
cheeks, sides of the thorax and abdomen thinly so ; the tips of the
mandibles and apical joints of the tarsi ferruginous, the latter ob-
scurely so. The metathorax transversely and rather finely rugose,
the truncation more strongly striated ; the scutellum shining ; the
wings subhyaline, the nervures ferruginous ; the tibiae with scattered
spines, the tarsi spinose.

4. Larrada aurifrons. L. nigra; facie mesothoracis metatho-
racisque lateribus aurato pubescentibus, abdominis marginibus seg-
mentorum triura basalium argentato piloso fasciatis ; alis fuscis.

Male. Length 8 lines. Black ; the face and outer orbits of the eyes
clothed with golden pile ; the lateral margins of the mesothorax and
the metathorax thinly clothed with golden pile ; wings dark fuscous
with a violet iridescence; the three basal segments of the abdomen
with fasciae of silvery pile.

Hab. Celebes.

5. Larrada personata. L. capite thoraceque nigris, abdomine
ferrugineo.

Female. Length 8^ lines. Head, thorax, and legs black ; the two
former closely punctured and thinly covered with short cinereous
pubescence ; the metathorax with the punctures running into trans-
verse striae in the middle ; the sides of the thorax and the legs with a
fine silky silvery-white pile ; the tibiae and tarsi strongly spinose ;
wings fusco-hyaline ; abdomen entirely red, smooth and shining.

The male is smaller, and has the four apical segments of the abdomen
black, the face, cheeks, and apical margins of the segments of the
abdomen with silvery pile.

Hab. Celebes.

COLLECTED AT CELEBES. 17

This is probably merely a variety of L. simillima, wanting the black
apex to the abdomen ; it very much resembles the L. anathema of
Europe.

6. Larrada rufipes. L. nigra, mandibulis pedibusque rufis; alis
hyalinis, venis pallide testaceis ; abdomine sericeo-piloso.

Female. Length 7 lines. Black ; the head smooth and shining ; the
clypeus, the cheeks, and face anteriorly, covered with silvery pile ;
the scape in front, the mandibles, and palpi ferruginous. Thorax :
the sides and beneath with a thin silvery-white pile ; the legs ferru-
ginous with the coxae black, the posterior pair red beneath; the
thorax closely punctured, the metathorax transversely striated ; wings
fulvo-hyaline, the nervures pale-testaceous. Abdomen shining, very
closely and delicately punctured; thinly covered with a fine white
silky pile, which is very bright on the margins of the segments, which
are slightly rufo-piceous.

The male closely resembles the female, and is similarly sculptured and
coloured.

Hab. Celebes.

7. Larrada festinans. L. nigra; facie abdominisque marginibus
segmentorum argentato-pilosis.

Female. Length 3 lines. Black ; the face and cheeks thinly covered
with silvery pile. Thorax : the disk very closely punctured, the
metathorax rugose; the sides and the legs with a fine glittering
sericeous pile, the wings subhyaline, their apical margins fuscous, the
nervures fuscous. Abdomen smooth and shining, covered with a thin
silky pile, the apical margins with bright silvery fasciae, only observable
in certain lights.

The male closely resembles the female, but has the face more silvery.

Hab. Celebes.

Genus Moephota, Smith.

I. MoRPHOTA FORMOSA. M. capite thoraceque nigris ; abdomine rufo,
apice nigro, pilis argentatis ornato.

Female. Length 6 lines. Black, with the two basal segments of the
abdomen red ; covered with a brilliant changeable silvery pile, most
dense on the face, cheeks, sides of the metathorax, and on the apical
margins of the abdominal segments. The mandibles ferruginous, with
their apex piceous. The vertex smooth, and having three distinct
ocelli ; the head more produced behind the eyes than in Larrada.
Thorax : the prothorax subtuberculate at the sides ; wings subhyaline
and iridescent, the nervures fuscous, the tegulae pale testaceous
behind. The apical margin of the first segment of the abdomen rufo-
fuscous.

Hab. Celebes. '

The insects belonging to the genus Morphota difi^er from those of
Larrada in having three distinct ocelli, the vertex without any depres-
LINN. PEOC. — ZOOLOGY. 2

18 MK. SMITH S CATALOGUE OF HTMENOPTEEOUS INSECTS

sions, and the head much less compressed than in Larrada ; the
recurrent nervures are received nearer to the hase and apex of the
second submarginal cell; the species have, in fact, a distinct habit, and
do not assimilate with the species of Larrada.

Q-enus Tachttes, Panz,

1. Tachytes morosus. T. niger, scutello abdomineque nitidis, facie
argenteo-pilosa ; marginibus lateralibus abdominis segmentorum
argentatis.

Female. Length 4^ lines. Black ; the face covered with silvery pile ;
the thorax finely and very closely punctured ; the metathorax opake
and finely rugose, thinly covered with cinereous pubescence; the
anterior tarsi ciliated on the exterior, and the intermediate and pos-
terior tibiae with a few dispersed spines; wings fusco-hyaline and
iridescent, the nervures fusco-ferruginous, the costal nervure black.
Abdomen smooth and shining ; the apical margins of the intermediate
segments slightly depressed, with the sides sericeous.

Fam. CEABEONIDtE.

Genus Oxybeltts, Latr.

1. Oxybelus agilis. Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. pt. iv. 387- 2b.
Hab, India, Celebes.

Genus Ceabro, Latr.

1. Crabro (Rhopalum) agilis. C. obscuro-nigra, clypeo argentato,
capite, thorace abdomineque flavo variis.

Female. Length 4 lines. Black, opake; head larger than the thorax,
quadrate ; the ocelli in a curve on the vertex ; the clypeus and lower
portion of the cheeks with silvery pile ; the scape, two basal joints
of the flagellum, the palpi, and the mandibles, yellow; the latter
rufo-piceous at their apex. The margin of the prothorax, the
tubercles, the scutellura, the tibiae and tarsi, the anterior femora and
the intermediate pair at their apex yellow ; the anterior femora black
above ; the wings subhyaline and iridescent, the nervures testaceous.
Abdomen : with an elongate clavate petiole ; the first segment with
an oblique yellow macula on each side, the third with a large lateral
macula at its base, and the following segments entirely yellow.

Hab. Celebes.

This species closely resembles the C. Westermanni of Dahlbome, from the
Cape of Good Hope.

Genus Cerceris, Latr.

\. Cerceris instabihs. Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. pt. iv. 452. 74.
Hab. India, China, Celebes.

COLLECTED AT CELEBES. 19

2. Cerceris unifasciata. Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. pt. iv. 456. 84.
Hab. North China, Celebes.

3. Cerceris fuliginosa, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. pt. iv. 454. 79-
Hah. Celebes.

4. Cerceris varipes. C. nigra, facie flavo varia; alis fuscis basi
hyalinis ; pedibus variegatis ; abdomine flavo maculato.

Male. Length 6 lines. Black ; a line down the inner orbits of the eyes,
continued along the lower margins of the face, and uniting with the
elypeus, which as well as a line above it between the antennae are
yellow J a spot on the scape in front, and the mandibles, yellow ; the
latter rufo-piceous at their apex. Thorax : a spot on each side of the
prothorax, a minute one on the tegulse ; the postscutellum, the inter-
mediate and posterior coxae and trochanters, the anterior tibiae behind,
the femora beneath, and the intermediate and posterior tibiae yellow ;
the femora reddish above and at their articulations; the posterior
femora and tibiae black, with the tarsi rufo-testaceous ; the anterior
wings and the apex of the posterior pair brown, the base of the
anterior pair hyaline. Abdomen: the second and three following
segments with a short yellow stripe on each side.

Hab. Celebes.

' Tribe YESPJD^.
Fam. EIJMEISriD^, Westw.
Genus Zethus, Fahr.
1. Zethus cyanopterus, Sauss. Mon. Guepes Sol. i. 23. 2.

Genus Montezumia, Satcss.

1. Montezumia Indica, Sauss. Mon. Guepes Sol. i. supp. 167. 59. t. 9.

f. 4.
Hab. India, Celebes.

Genus Ehtnchium, Spin.

1. Rhynchium haemorrhoidale, Sauss. Mon. Guepes Sol. i. 109. 12.
Vespa hsemorrhoidalis, Fahr. Syst. Piez. p. 259. 28.

Hab. India, Java, Cape of Good Hope, Celebes.

2. Rhynchium argentatum, Sau^s. Mon. Guepes Sol. i. 115. 22.
Vespa argentata, Fahr. Syst. Piez. p. 260. 39.

Hab. India, Celebes.

3. Rhynchium atrum, Sauss. Mon. Guepes Sol. i. 109. 11.
Hab. India, Celebes.

4. Rhynchium parentissimum, Sauss. Mon. Guepes Sol. p 111. 14. —
Var. JR. heemorrhoidale"?

Hab. India, Java, Celebes.

2*

20 MR. smith's catalogue of hymenopterous insects

Genus Eumenes.

1. Eumenes circinalis, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 286. 4.
Hab. India, Sumatra, Celebes.

2. Eumenes fulvipennis. Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. pt. v. 24. 26.
Hab. Celebes.

3. Eumenes vindex. E. niger, flavo variegatus, alls subhyalinis
irideseentibus.

Male. Length 6 lines. Black ; strongly punctured and shining ; a
minute spot behind the eyes, another in their emargination, the
clypeus, with two minute spots above it, a spot at the base of the
mandibles, and the scape in front yellow. Thorax : a subinterrupted
line on its anterior margin, the tubercles, a spot on the tegulae behind,
and the legs yellow ; the coxse, femora at their base, and the posterior
tibiae outside dusky ; wings light brown and iridescent, the anterior
margin of the superior pair darkest. Abdomen delicately punctured;
.the apical margin of the first segment with a narrow yellow border
slightly interrupted on each side ; the apical segments with a thin
cinereous pile.

Hab. Celebes.

4. Eumenes architectus. E. niger, clypeyo, prothoracis margine
postscutello abdorainisque segmenti primi margine flavis.

Female. Length 6 lines. Black and closely punctured ; a line behind
the eyes near their vertex, a spot between the antennae and the
clypeus, yellow ; the latter black at the apex, which is notched ; the
labrum and mandibles reddish-yellow, the latter black at their base.
Thorax : the anterior margin yellow ; the tubercles, tegulae, post-
scutellum, an interrupted line on each side of the metathorax, the
tibiae, tarsi, and femora at their apex, yellow ; the coxae spotted with
yellow and the posterior tibiae dusky ; the wings fusco-hyaline ; a
black line across the tegulae. Abdomen : an ovate spot on each side
of the petiole, its apical margin, a transverse ovate spot on each
side of the first segment, and its posterior margin yellow ; the following
segments covered with a grey silky pile.

Male. Differs from the female in having the clypeus entirely yellow,
the metathorax and abdomen entirely black ; only the apical margin
of the petiole is yellow, it is also longer.

Hab. Celebes.

5. Eumenes floralis. ^. niger; clypeo flavo ; thorace pedibusque
ferrugineo-flavo variegatis.

Male. Length 6| lines. Black ; strongly punctured and shining ; the
clypeus and a spot above yellow ; a narrow abbreviated line behind
the eyes, a minute spot in their emargination, and the tips of the man-
dibles orange- red ; the flagellura fulvous beneath. Thorax : the
anterior and posterior margin of the prothorax, the tubercles, and a

COLLECTED AT CELEBES. 21

spot on the tegulae behind, a line on the postscutellum and the legs,
orange-red, the coxae black, and the tarsi dusky ; the wings slightly
brownish with a violet iridescence. Abdomen immaculate, with a
minute spot on the posterior border of the petiole j the third and
following segments with a fine cinereous pile.
Hab. Celebes.

Crenus Odynerus, Latr,

1. Odynerus ovalis, Sauss. Mon. Guepes Sol. 215. 122. t. 19. f. 4.
Hab, India, China, Celebes.

2. Odynerus (Ancistrocerus) clavicornis. O. niger, flavo
varius ; capite thoraceque fortiter, abdomine delicatule punctatis, an-
tennis clavatis.

Male. Length 4^ lines. Black ; head and thorax strongly punctured
and shining; a spot on the mandibles, the labrum, the clypeus, a spot
above, the scape in front, a line in the emargination of the eyes and a
spot behind them, yellow ; the flagellum broadly clavate, the joints
transverse, the apex of the club and the terminal hook reddish-yellow,
the thickened part of the club concave beneath, the hook bent into
the cavity. Thorax : two spots on the anterior margin, a spot on the
tegulse in front, and the legs, reddish-yellow, the coxae dusky ; the
metathorax coarsely rugose and deeply concave-truncate. Abdomen :
the first segment with a transverse carina at its base, in front of which
is an irregularly cut deep transverse channel forming a second carina
in front of the groove ; the segments finely punctured, the first and
second segments with a yellow posterior border, the fourth and fol-
lowing segments rufo-piceous.

Hab. Celebes.

3. Odynerus (Leionotus) insularis. O. niger, flavo et aurantio
variegatus ; abdominis basi ferruginea.

Male. Length 6 lines. Black ; the head and thorax strongly punc-
tured ; the mandibles, clypeus, a line above extending to the anterior
ocellus, the emargination of the eyes, a spot at their vertex and a line
at their outer orbits, yellow ; the antennae reddish -yellow, with the
scape pale yellow in front and a narrow fuscous line above ; the yellow
marking more or less stained orange. Thorax : the prothorax orange,
its anterior border, the tubercles, tegulae, two spots on the scutellum
and postscutellum, the lateral margins of the metathorax and the
legs, yellow, the latter with reddish stains j wings subhyaline, the
superior pair with a fuscous cloud at their apex. The base of the
abdomen and a large macula on each side of the second segment
ferruginous ; the apical margin of the segments with a yellow border,
the first and second with a minute notch in the middle ; the first and
second segments entirely ferruginous beneath.

22 MB. smith's catalogue or htmenopteeous insects

4. Odynerus fulvipennis. 0. niger, flavo varius, pedibus ferru-
gineis, alls fulvo-hyalinis.

Male. Black; head and thorax closely and strongly punctured; the
clypeus and two spots above, a line along the lower margin of the
sinus of the eyes, a narrow line behind them, the scape in front, and
the mandibles yellow; the tips of the latter rufo-piceous ; the an-
tennae and legs ferruginous ; an interrupted yellow line on the
anterior margin of the thorax ; the wings fulvo-hyaline ; the veins
which enclose the marginal and second and third submarginal cells
fuscous, the rest pale testaceous ; a fuscous cloud in the marginal
cell. Abdomen: the apical margin of the second segment with a
yellow fascia, the following segments with red fasciae.

Hab. Celebes.

Genus Icaria, Sauss.

1. Icaria ferruginea, Sauss. Mon. GuSpes Soc. p. 37. 15.
Hab. India, Celebes.

2. Icaria pilosa. I. nigra, rude punctata et densissime pubescens,
clypeo flavo, thorace, pedibus abdomineque ferrugineo variegatis;
alls subhyalinis, anticis apice fusco maculatis.

Male. Length 7i lines. Black; closely and strongly punctured; the
clypeus, a line on the mandibles, and the scape in front, yellow ; tips
of the mandibles, the scape above, and the base of the flagellum fer-
ruginous. Thorax : the prothorax, scutellum and postscutellum,
ferruginous ; the tegulse and legs pale ferruginous, the coxae black ;
wings fusco-hyaline, with a dark cloud in the marginal cell extending
to the apex of the wing ; a fainter cloud traverses the margin of the
wing to its base. Abdomen : the first, second and third segments
with a reddish-yellow fascia, that on the second segment continued
beneath ; a longitudinal broad stripe of the same colour on each side
of the second segment ; its apical margin serrated.

Hab. Celebes.

Genus Polistes, Latr.

1. Pohstes Sagittarius, Sauss. Mon. Guepes Soc. p. 56. 12.

Various specimens from Greece and Celebes have the thorax more or

less ferruginous.
Hab. India, Celebes, China, Greece.

2. Pohstes Picteti, Sauss. Mon. Guepes Soc. 69. 28. t. 6. f. 8.
Hab. Ceram, Australia, Celebes.

3. Polistes fastidiosus, Sauss. Mon. Guepes Soc. p. 60. 18.
Hab. Africa (Gambia), Celebes.

4. Polistes stigma, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 261. 41.
Hab. India, Ceram, Celebes.

5. Polistes Philippinensis, Sauss. Mon. Guepes Soc. 58. 14 (var.).
Hab. Philippine Islands.

COLLECTED AT CELEBES. 23

Genus Vespa, Linn.

1. Vespa affinis, Fahr. Syst. Piez. p. 254. 6 (var. V. cinctal).
Hab. India, China, Singapore, Celebes.

2. Vespa fervida. V. nigra, delicatule punctata; clypei margine
antiea, macula pone oculos, margineque postica segraenti primi ab-
dominis flavis ; alis fulvo-hyalinis.

Female. Length 13 lines. Black; closely and finely punctured; the
clypeus convex and strongly punctured, emarginate anteriorly, the
emargination with a yellow border ; the eyes extending to the base of
the mandibles, which have three stout teeth at their apex and a narrow
yellow line at their inner margin. Thorax : the postscutellum yellow,
and a minute yellow spot on the outer margin of the tegulse; the
wings rufo-hyaline, darkest along the anterior margin of the superior
pair ; the nervures ferruginous, gradually becoming darker at the base
of the wings, the costal nervure black.

Worker. Length 9 lines. Very closely resembles the female, but in
addition to the yellow markings of that sex has the anterior margin
of the clypeus yellow, a narrow transverse line between the antennae,
another along the lower margin of the notch of the eyes, an abbre-
viated stripe behind them at the base of the mandibles, a spot beneath
the postscutellum and a narrow yellow line along the posterior margin
of the basal segment of the abdomen.

Hab. Celebes.

Fam. TENTHEEDINID^.
G-enus Ten^theedo, Linn.
I. Tenthredo (Allantus) purpurata. T. capite thoraceque

caeruleo-viridibus, abdomine purpureo, ahs fuscis iridescentibus.
Size, length 4 lines. Head and thorax blue-green, abdomen purple ;
wings dark fuscous with a violet iridescence ; an oblique white line
on each side beneath the scutellum ; legs and antennae black.
Hab. Celebes.

Fam. ICHNEUMONID^.

Genus Megischus, Brulle.

1. Megischus indicus, Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc. new ser. i. 1851.
Hab. Philippine Islands, Celebes.

Genus Mesostentjs, Brulle.

1. Mesostbnus albo-spinosus. M. niger, albo varius, abdominis
segmentis albo marginatis, metathorace spinis duabus albis armato.

Female. Length 5| lines. Black ; a half-circular spot on the clypeus,
a heart-shaped one above it, a spot at the base of the mandibles, the
orbits of the eyes, interrupted at their vertex, yellowish white, the
palpi of the same colour, and a broad incomplete annulus on the

24 MB. smith's catalogue or hymekopteeous insects

antennae beyond their middle. Thorax : the mesothorax with two
deeply impressed obhque hnes inclined inwards and terminating at an
ovate spot in the middle of the disk, the scutellum and an oblique
line on each side a little before it, a horseshoe-shaped spot in the
middle of the metathorax, and a little below it on each side a conical
tooth, yellowish white ; four spots beneath the wings, one on each
side of the metathorax, and the coxae beneath, white ; the legs ferru-
ginous, with the intermediate pair dusky behind, the posterior pair
entirely so, the femora being black; the wings hyaline, nervures
fuscous. Abdomen : punctured and with a white fascia on the margins
of the three basal segments; the two apical segments with very
narrow fasciae.

Hab. Celebes.

This species is closely allied to the M. liter atus of BruUe ; but it differs
too much, I think, to be identical with it. .

2. PiMPLA TRiMACULATA. P. flava, oculis, macula circa ocellos,
vittulis tribus mesothoracis setisque caudalibus nigris.

Female. Length 6 lines. Yellow ; the antennae fuscous above, also a
fuscous cloud at the apex of the anterior wings, the wings hyaline with
the nervures black ; a spot on the scape within, and three longitu-
dinal stripes on the mesothorax, black ; the latter slightly punctured
anteriorly ; the metathorax smooth and shining, with three oblique
carinae on each side, and a small subovate enclosed space in the middle
of the disk. Abdomen punctured, all the segments margined at their
apex, and each with a deeply impressed line at their extreme lateral
margins ; the sixth segment with two minute black spots at its basal
margin, the two apical segments smooth and shining ; the ovipositor
black.

Hab. Celebes.

This species is closely aUied to the P. trilineata of Brulle.

Fam. BEACONID^.

1. Bracon insinuator. B. capite, thorace pedibusque ferrugineis;
antennis, tibiis tarsisque posticis et abdomine nigris ; alis nigro-fuscis,
macula hyalina sub stigmate.

Female. Length 71 lines. Head and thorax smooth, shining, and
ferruginous, the legs ferruginous, with the posterior tibiae and tarsi
black ; the antennae black, with the scape and following joint ferru-
ginous ; wings dark brown, with their extreme base pale testaceous ;
a hyaline stripe runs from the stigma across the first submarginal
cell and passes a little below it. Abdomen black, smooth, and
shining, with the lateral margins of the basal segment pale yellow-
testaceous ; this segment has on each side a longitudinal carina, and
between them is a highly polished bell-shaped form; the second
segment with deep oblique depressions at the sides, and deeply

COLLECTED AT CELEBES. 25

longitudinally rugose-striate, leaving the apical margin smooth and
shining ; the second segment is similarly sculptured, and the third has
a transverse groove at its base.
Hab, Celebes.

2. Bracon intrudens. B. rufescenti-flavus, antennis setisque cau-
dalibus nigris ; alis nigro-fuscis, basi fasciaque angusta transversa flavis.

Female. Length 9 lines. Pale reddish-yellow ; the eyes, flagellum, and
ovipositor black ; the scape and the following segment yellow ; the
head and thorax smooth and shining, both pubescent at the sides and
beneath, the legs covered with a similar pale pubescence ; the face
with an upright horn between the antennae, and a raised flattened
plate in front of it. Abdomen : the basal segment with the lateral
margins raised, and having on each side an elongate broad depression
extending its entire length ; the three following with an oblique de-
pression on each side at the base of the segment ; the third, fourth,
and fifth segments distinctly margined at their apex ; the ovipositor
the length of the insect.

Hab. Celebes.

Genus Agathis, Latr.

1. Agathis sculpturalis. a. nigra, prothorace, pedibus anticis
mediisque ferrugineis ; abdomine laevigato nitido.

Male. Length 5|^ lines. Black ; the mouth, prothorax, anterior and inter-
mediate legs, ferruginous ; the face with two teeth or horns between
or a little before the insertion of the antennae, and another at the side
of each, close to their insertion. Thorax : the mesothorax with two
deeply impressed lines in front, running inwards, and uniting about
the middle, and with two or three deep transverse channels before
their junction ; the lateral margins of the mesothorax deeply im-
pressed ; the metathorax ruggedly sculptured ; the posterior coxae
and femora closely punctured ; wings black with a hyaline spot in
the first submarginal cell. Abdomen very smooth and shining, with
a deeply impressed line on each side of the basal segment.

Hab. Celebes.

2. Agathis modesta. A. rufescenti-flava ; antennis, vertice, tibiis
posticis apice, tarsisque nigris ; alis fusco maculatis.

Female. Length 4 lines. Reddish-yellow : the antennae and vertex,
black. The mesothorax with two deeply impressed longitudinal
oblique lines, and two parallel ones between them ; the metathorax
reticulated ; wings hyaline, with a. dark fuscous stain crossing the
anterior pair at the base of the first submarginal cell, these hyaline to
the middle of the stigma, beyond which they are fuscous ; a subhya-
line spot at the apex of the marginal cell, and another beneath it at
the inferior margin of the wing j the posterior tarsi dusky, and the
tips of the tibiae black.

Hab. Celebes.

26 MR. smith's CA.TALOGUE OF HYMENOPTEEOUS INSECTS.

3. Agathis nitida. A. nigra, nitida; facie, pectore, pedibus anticis
et intermediis, plaga infra alas, scutelloque pallide ferrugineis.

Length 4 lines. Black and shining ; the face, mandibles, head beneath,
legs, pectus, sides of the thorax beneath the wings, the scutellum and
the basal half of the abdomen beneath, pale ferruginous ; the meso-
thorax with two longitudinal oblique lines on the disk, which have
two parallel ones between them ; the metathorax coarsely rugose ; the
wings dark brown, with the base of the stigma pale, and a hyaline
spot beneath it. Abdomen very smooth and shining, with the apical
margins of the segments narrowly rufo-piceous ; the posterior legs
incrassate and dark rufo-piceous.

Fam. CHEYSIDID^.
Genus Hedycheum, Latr.

1. Hedychrum FLAMMULATUM. H. viridi-purpurco lavatum ; capitc
thoraceque fortiter, abdomine delicatule, punctatis; alis fuscis basi
hyalinis.

Length 3 lines. Bright green ; the vertex, two oblique stripes on the
prothorax, meeting in the centre of its anterior margin, a broad longi-
tudinal stripe on the disk of the mesothorax, and the sides of the
scutellum and postscutellum deep purple. Abdomen : the middle
of the basal segment, the second and third segments at their base,
broadly purple ; the apical margin of the third tinged with purple ;
wings subfuscous, with their base hyaline. The head and thorax
coarsely and closely punctured, the abdomen finely so ; the tarei with
the claws unidentate.

Hab. Celebes.

Genus Chbysis, Linn.

1. Chrysis purpurea. C. laete purpurea, capite, thorace abdomi-
nisque basi rugosis punctatis, segmentis abdominis secundo et tertio
delicatule punctatis, apice quadridentato.

Length 3 lines. Bright purple; the head, thorax, and base of the
abdomen strongly and coarsely punctured, the rest of the abdomen
finely punctured ; the disk of the thorax and apical margins of the
segments of the abdomen reflecting bright tints of green ; the wings
subhyaline, the nervures dark fuscous ; the apical margin of the third
segment of the abdomen with four teeth, the two central ones
approximating, separated by a deep notch, the lateral teeth more
distant, separated from the others by a wide emargination.

Hab. Celebes.

2. Chrysts INSULA Ris. C. nigro-purpurca, violaceo et viridi lavata;
capite, thorace abdominisque basi rude punctatis.

Length 5 lines. Dark purple, with violet and green reflections; the
face, legs, and thorax beneath, green; wings slightly fuscous, and

ME. T. BELL ON A NEW GENUS OF CRUSTACEA. 27

iridescent ; the head and thorax closely and coarsely punctured ; the
base of the abdomen roughly punctured, the two following segments
much more finely so ; the apical segment armed with six teeth, the
outer ones subacute.
Hab. Celebes.

3. Chrysis sumptuosa. C. fortiter punctata, metallico-viridis auro
lavata ; thoracis disco, abdominis segmentis secundo et tertio basi pur-
pureis ; segmento apicali margine integro.

Length 3^ lines. Golden-green ; the thorax at the sides and posteriorly
with bright coppery effulgence ; an oblong purple spot on the disk of
the thorax ; the metathorax and its lateral teeth vivid green, the vertex
and prothorax splashed with gold. Abdomen : the basal segment
bright green, with a bright coppery or golden effulgence at the sides ;
the second segment purple at the base, coppery at the apex, and with
a suflPusion of green between these tints ; the third segment is simi-
larly coloured, with the apical margin entire ; the insect closely and
strongly punctured throughout.

Hab. Celebes.

Description of a new Genus of Crustacea, of the Family Pinno-
theridse ; in which the fifth pair of legs' are reduced to an
almost imperceptible rudiment. By Thomas Bell, Esq.,
Pres. L. S.

[Read June 3rd, 1858.]

Pam. PINNOTHEEID^, Edwards,

Grenus Amokphopus, Bell.

Chab. Gen. : — Corpus subcylindricum. Testa semicircularis,
margine posteriore recto. — AntenncB externcs minimcB, articulo
basali orbitam subtus partim claudente. — Antennularum fossulcd
transversse, continusB, et ab orbitis baud separatae. — Pedipalpi
externi articulo quarto ovato, palpo tri-articulato, ad angulum
antico-interiorem articuli quarti inserto. — Oris apertura antice
arcuata. — Orbited apertse, margine inferiore carente, superiore
integro. — Oculi transversim positi. — Pedes antici robusti, in-
sequales ; pedum paria secundum, tertium et quartum longa, sub-
compressa; pa/r quintum exiguum, simplicissimum, rudimen-
tarium, in incisura articuli basalis paris quarti insertum. —
Abdomen maris segmentis tertio cum quarto, et quinto cum
sexto coalitis ; Pcemin-s: ?

Sp. unica. Amorphopus cylindraceus, mihi.
Description. — The body is nearly cylindrical, somewhat depressed,

the carapace very much curved from the point to the back, quite

28 MR. T. BELL ON A NEW GENUS OF CRUSTACEA.

straight from side to side ; the anterior and lateral margins form-
ing nearly a semicircle, the posterior margin straight ; the orbits
are deeply cut in the anterior margin of the carapace, looking
upwards ; the inferior margin wanting ; the oral apertul-e much
arched anteriorly ; the external footjaws with the third articula-
tion somewhat rhomboid, the fourth irregularly oval, and the palpi
tliree-jointed, inserted at its anterior and inner angle. Epistome
extremely small, transversely linear ; the external antennae placed
directly beneath the orbits, the basal joints partly filling them
beneath. The antennules folded transversely in large open fossae,
whicb are scarcely at all separated from each other, and are open
to the orbits, the eyes lying transversely; the peduncles short
and thick; the sternum is semicircular, the segments separated
by very deep grooves ; the abdomen very long and narrow, the
first and second joint transversely linear, the third and fourth
united and forming a triangle truncated anteriorly at the articu-
lation of the portion formed by the fifth and sixth joints united,
and wbicb with the seventh form a very narrow and linear piece
extending forwards to the posterior margin of the oral aperture ;
the first pair of legs robust, unequal (the right being the larger in
the only specimen at present observed) ; the hand in each as
broad as it is long ; that of the smaller conspicuously tuberculated,
that of the larger much less so ; the former with the fingers nearly
meeting throughout their length, those of the latter only at the
tips ; the second, third, and fourth pairs of legs are long, some-
what compressed, the third joint tuberculated on the under side,
the third pair the longest-; the fifth pair is reduced to a mere
rudiment, in the form of a minute tubercle inserted in a little
notch at the base of the first joint of the fourth pair, and scarcely
discernible by the naked eye.

Observations. — The relation of this genus to the Pinnotheridae
is tolerably obvious, in the smallness of the antennae, the direction
and arrangement of the eyes, and particularly in the form of the
oral aperture, and of the external footjaws. I shall not, however,
enter upon the consideration of these relations, as I am about
shortly to offer to the Society a review and monograph of the
whole of this family. The most remarkable peculiarity in the
genus is the apparent absence of the fifth pair of legs, which can
only be discovered to exist at all by examination with the help of
a lens. In this respect I doubt not that the Eabrician genus
Hexapus, adopted and figured by De Haan, will be found to agree
with it, although it is very remarkable that the anomalous condi-

REV. H. HI&GINS ON DEATH OF COMMON HIVE BEE. 29

tion of this part never excited any particular attention on the
part of either of these distinguished naturalists ; and De Haan
describes Fabricius's species, Hexapus sexpes, as if there were
nothing especial or abnormal in a Decapod having only six pairs of
legs besides the claws. Mr. "White made a similar mistake on one
occasion, when he described an anomourous genus allied to
Lithodes, in which the fifth pair of legs were not visible ; but
when, at my suggestion, a more careful examination was made,
they were found, as was anticipated, in a rudimentary form, con-
cealed under the edge of the carapace. I believe that I can dis-
cover even in De Haan's figure something like a little tubercle at
the base of the fourth leg, which is probably the rudimentary
representative of the fifth.

Death of the Common Hive Bee, supposed to be occasioned by a
parasitic Pungus. By the Eev. Heney Higgins. Com-
municated by the President.

[Eead June 3rd, 1858.]

On the 18th of March last, Timpron Martin, Esq., of Liverpool,
communicated to me some circumstances respecting the death of
a hive of bees in his possession, which induced me to request from
him a full statement of particulars. Mr. Martin gave me the
following account : —

" In October last I had three hives of bees which I received into
my house. Each doorway was closed, and the hive placed upon a
piece of calico ; the corners were brought over the top, leaving a
loop by which the hive was suspended from the ceiling. The hives
were taken down about the 14th of March ; two were healthy, but
all the bees in the third were dead. There was a gallon of bees.
The two hives containing live bees were much smaller ; but in each
of them were dead ones. Under whatever circumstances you pre-
serve bees through the winter, dead ones are found at the bottom,
in the spring. The room, an attic, was dry ; and I had preserved
the same hives in the same way during the winter of 1856. In
what I may call the dead hive there was abundance of honey when
it was opened ; and it is clear that its inmates did not die for want.
It is not a frequent occurrence for bees so to die ; but I have known
another instance. In that case the hive was left out in the ordi-
nary way, and possibly cold was the cause of death. I think it
probable that my bees died about a month before the 14th of

30 REV. H. HIGGINS ON DEATH OF COMMON HIVE BEE.

March, merely from the circumstance that some one remarked
about that time that there was no noise in the hive. They might
have died earlier ; but there were certainly live bees in the hive in
January. I understand there was an appearance of mould on
some of the combs. There was ample ventilation, I think ; indeed,
as the bees were suspended, they had more air than through the
summer when placed on a stand."

When the occurrence was first made known to me, I suggested
that the bees might probably have died from the growth of a
fungus, and requested some of the dead bees might be sent for ex-
amination. They were transmitted to me in a very dry state ; and a
careful inspection with a lens aiforded no indications of vegetable
growth. I then broke up a specimen, and examined the portions
under a compound microscope, using a JSTachet No. 4. The head
and thorax were clean ; but on a portion of the sternum were
innumerable very minute, linear, slightly curved bodies, showing
the well-known oscillatory or swarming motion. Notwithstand-
ing the agreement of these minute bodies with the characters of
the genus of Bacterium of the Vibrionia, I regarded them as sper-
matia, having frequently seen others undistinguishable from them
under circumstances inconsistent with the presence of ConfervcB^
as in the interior of the immature peridia and sporangia of
Eungals.

In the specimen first examined there were no other indications of
the growth of any parasite ; but from the interior of the abdomen
of a second bee I obtained an abundance of well-defined globular
bodies resembling the spores of a fungus, varying in size from
•00016 to •00012 in. Three out of four specimens subsequently
examined contained similar spores within the abdomen. No traces
of a mycelium were visible ; the plants had come to maturity,
fruited, and withered away, leaving only the spores.

The chief question then remaining to be solved was as to the
time when the spores were developed ; whether before or after the
death of the bees. In order, if possible, to determine this, I
placed four of the dead bees in circumstances favourable for the
germination of the spores, and in about ten days I submitted them
again to examination. They were covered with mould, consisting
chiefly of a species of Mucor, and one also of Botrytis or Botryo-
sporium. These fungi were clearly extraneous, covering indiffer-
ently all parts of the insects, and spreading on the wood on which
they were lying. On the abdomen of all the specimens, and on
the clypeus of one of them, grew a fungus wholly "unlike the sur-

ME. J. W. WETHEEELL ON WORM-TRACKS IN LONDON CLAT. 31

rounding mould. It was white and very short, and apparently
consisted entirely of spores arranged in a moniliform manner, like
the fertile filaments of a stemless Penicillivm. These spores re-
sembled those found in the abdomen of the Bees, and proceeded
I think, from them. The filaments were most numerous at the
junction of the segments. The spores did not resemble the glo-
bules in Sporendonema muscce of the English Flora, neither were
they apparently enclosed.

The E/CV. M. J. Berkeley, to whom I sent some of the bees, pro-
cured, by scraping the interior of the abdomen with a lancet, very
minute, curved linear bodies from -g-j^^ to '^ q ^ (;, ^ in. long, which
he compares to Vibrios. He also found mixed with them globular
bodies, but no visible stratum of mould.

From the peculiar position of the supposed spores within the
abdomen of the bees, and from the subsequent growth of a fungus
unlike any of our common forms of Mucedines, I think it pro-
bable that the death of the bees was occasioned by the presence
of a parasitic fungus.

Notice of the occurrence of recent "Worm Tracks in the Upper
Part of the London Clay Formation near Highgate. By
John W. "Wetheeell. Communicated by James Yates,
Esq., M.A., F.L.S.

[Read June 3rd, 1858.]

The London clay is very tenacious, and near the surface is gene-
rally of a brown colour, probably owing to the decomposition of
the iron pyrites which it contains. It abounds in selenite or
sulphate of lime, and in nodules which often contain organic
remains. Fossil wood with Teredo antenautce is also met with,
and pyritous casts of univalve and bivalve shells. Lower down
the stratum becomes more compact and is of a bluish or blackish
colour, and its fossil contents are in a fine state of preservation.
During the last summer, while examining the London Clay in
the vicinity of Highgate in search of fossils, my attention was
directed to certain appearances in it which I could not account
for. This led to a further examination, when I found they were
produced by the borings of Lumhrici or earth-worms. These
appearances consisted of long tubes passing nearly perpendicu-
larly through the clay and terminating in receptacles or nidi,
each tube leading to a separate receptacle. As these receptacles

32 KATUEAL HISTORY — EXTRACTS FROM

occurre'd in large numbers, I had an opportunity of examining a
great many of them with various results. In one instance, I
found a dead worm coiled up ; in another, a portion of a worm
protruding into the lower part of the tube. Again, nidi were
found partially filled with only the casts of worms, whilst others
contained more or less of a species of Conferva; and, lastly, I
obtained some vtdth the cavities partially or wholly filled up. The
receptacles varied in shape, from a sphere to an oval, and were
extremely thin and fragile. They also varied in size from a pea
to a nut. Externally they presented an appearance so singularly
contorted, that I could not help considering they were moulded
from the casts of worms. They did not appear to have any attach-
ment to the surrounding clay, except at the point of junction
with the tube ; and the clay beneath them presented no unusual
appearance.

Internally they generally exhibited impressions of the worm ;
but occasionally I detected some of the round and contorted ap-
pearances which I have mentioned as being so conspicuous on the
outside. I cannot speak with precision as to the length of the
tubes, as the clay when examined had been broken up into large
rough masses in digging for the foundations of houses. The largest
noticed was about three inches long, and the general width one-
eighth of an inch. They often run parallel to each other, but
at unequal distances. I now have to notice what I consider a
remarkable circumstance, namely, that all the tubes contained a
solid cylinder of clay, and in every instance where the worms
occurred under the circumstances above recorded, they were found
to be dead. Eesearches of this kind are calculated to throw a
light on some of those singular phenomena which geologists occa-
sionally meet with in the older rocks.

[Mem. — Several specimens of clay, containing the worm-tubes
as above described, were exhibited to the meeting.]

Natural History — Extracts from the Journal of Captain Denham,
H.M. Surveying Vessel ' Herald,' 1857. Communicated by
Captain "WASHi'praTON, through the Secretary.

[E§ad June 3rd, 1858.]

We found upon the larger islands the small species of the
Kangaroo, bearing the native name "Wallaby (Halmaturus Billar-

CAPTAIN DENIIAM S JOUENAL. 33

dierii), which, when mixed with other meats, affords a fine-
flavoured soup.

On the islets are flocks of the Cape Banca goose, which Mr.
Smith informed me were only to be found in these straits in the
vicinity of Flinders Island, from Cape Banca to Cape Erankland
(west about), and that they are readily domesticated, and hatch
from three to seven eggs, and afford an acceptable dish. I ob-
tained a live specimen, which Dr. Rayner of this ship describes thus:
— " Cereopsis Novcb Hollandice. Body about the size of a common
goose ; bill short, vaulted, obtuse, two-thirds of which is covered
by an expanded cere of a pale greenish-yellow colour, the tip of
the bill being black, arcuated, and truncated. Nostrils large,
round, open, and situated in the middle of the bill. "Wings ample,,
third quill longest. Legs long, light dull-red, and naked to a little
above the knee. Feet black, webbed, the membrane being deeply
notched, great toe articulated to the metatarsus. Plumage slate-
grey, with black spots upon the wings and back. Wing-feathers
dusky black, and edged at the tip with pale grey. Irides light
hazel."

We likewise obtained specimens of the following wildfowl : —

AVES.

A Bronze-wing Pigeon, Phaps elegans.

Quail, Corturnix pectoralis (Gould).

Oyster-catcher, Hsematophus fuliginosus.

Ring Plover, Hiaticula bicincta.

Wild Duck, Anas punctata (Cuvier).

Great Gull, Larus pacificus.

Lesser Gull, Xema Jamesonii.

Mutton Bird, Puffinus brevicaudus (Brandt).

Southern Gannet, Sulu austrahs (Gould).

Small Penguin, Spheniscus minor (Temminck).

The Mutton Bird we observed streaming from island to island ;
and I learnt from Mr. Benvenuto Smith the following particulars
of its habits from his own observations.

The male birds come in from sea in the month of September,
and prepare the burrows for the reception of the hens. The hen
bird does not make her appearance till about the 25th November,
when she lays and sits at once.

The Mutton Bird lays but one egg ; they are employed rearing
the young bird until the month of May, at which time the old
birds leave the young ones to shift for themselves; the young
birds remain in the biu-rows till they are starved down, and then

LINN. PROO. — ZOOLOGY. 3

3Jj NATURAL HISTOET — EXTRACTS TKOM

set off to sea, and are not seen again amongst the islands till Sep-
tember. The cock and hen sit alternately night and day ; and all
the labour of providing for the young is equally shared.

There are at this date about ninety people living on the small
islands in " Franklin Inlet " who make a livelihood by gathering
the oil, feathers, and eggs of the Mutton Bird.

Upwards of 2000 gallons of the oil are extracted from the birds
annually ; and although 300,000 birds are known to be destroyed
each year, they appear undiminished in numbers. The oil burns
well, and is of a bright-red colour.

I was presented by Mr. Smith with two Paper Nautilus shells
{Argonauta tuberculosa) found on the shore of Flinders Island
this season, a circumstance which he has remarked occurs but
every seventh year, when many hundreds are thrown up: the
shells are rarely obtained perfect, as they are extremely fragile,
and the sea fowl pick the fish out of them.

Our Botanic Collector, Mr. Milne, ascertained, from what he
obtained himself and from what we could contribute from our
individual visits to the islets, the existence of plants, which he
believes to be indigenous, belonging to the following families and
genera, viz.

Amentacese. TJmbelliferae.

Asteraceae. ^ Graminacese.
Bosaceae. Juncese.

Geraniacese. Solanum.

Euphorbiaceae. Geranium.

Myrtaceae.

Testing the chances of fish refreshment at this anchorage, we
found little encouragement for hook and line ; but the two favour-
ing opportunities which the weather allowed for bawling the seine
produced as tabulated on opposite page.

We found the Beef Islands in this sound so abundant in rabbits
since Captain Stokes's forethought had set some loose upon them,
that, in two visits of four hours with but four guns, 100 brace were
brought on board.

I took care to follow my esteemed brother officers* example and
the system of introducing such productions, and obtained a dozen
couple alive for letting loose in Shark Bay.

[A coloured drawing of Cereopsis Nova Ilollandice accompanied
Captain Denham's observations.]

CAPTAIN DENHAM'S JOUENAL.

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36 PROF. HUXLEY ON SOME POINTS IN TUE

On some points in the Anatomy of Nautilus pomjpilius. By T. H.
Huxley, F.E.S., Professor of Natural History, Government
School of Mines.

[Eead June 3rd, 1858.]

Some time ago my friend Dr. Sinclair, of New Zealand, had the
kindness to offer me two specimens of the Pearly Nautilus which
had been brought to him from New Caledonia, preserved in
Goadby's solution. I gladly accepted the present, and looked
forward to the dissection of the rare animal with no little plea-
sure ; but on proceeding to examine one of the specimens, I found
its anatomical value greatly diminished by the manner in which a
deposit from the solution had glued together some of the internal
viscera. Other parts of the Nautilus, however, were in a very
good state of preservation ; and I have noted down such novel and
interesting peculiarities as they presented, in the hope that an
account of them will be acceptable to the Linnean Society.

Of the six apertures which, besides the genital and anal outlets,
open into the branchial cavity of Nautilus pompilius, one on each
side lies immediately above and in front of that fold of the inner
wall of the mantle which forms the lower root of the smaller and
inner gill, and encloses, the branchial vein of that gill. The aper-
ture is elongated and narrow, with rather prominent lips. It
measures about ^th of an inch.

The other two apertures are larger, and lie at a distance of y^^ths
of an inch below and behind the other. They are in close juxta-
position, being separated only by a thin triangular fold of mem-
brane, which constitutes the inner lip of the one and the outer
lip of the other.

The inner aperture is the larger, measuring y^^ths of an inch in
long diameter, and having the form of a triangle with its base
directed posteriorly. The outer aperture is not more than -i^th of
an inch long. The two apertures lie just above the edge of the
fold of membrane which runs from the inner root of the larger or
outer branchia, across the branchial cavity and beneath the rectum,
to the other side.

These apertures lead into five sacs, which collectively constitute
what has been described as the pericardium. The sacs into which
the superior apertures open, by a short wide canal with folded walls,
are situated on each side of and above the rectum. Their inner
boundaries are separated by a space of not less than f ths of an

ANATOMY or NAUTILUS POMPILIUS. 37

inch in width, in which lie the vena cava and the oviduct. Each
cavity has a rounded circumference, and a transverse diameter of
about half an inch. In a direction at right angles to this diameter
the dimensions vary with its state of distension ; but a quarter of
an inch would be a fair average.

The anterior or outer wall of the cavity is formed by the mantle ;
the posterior, inner, or visceral wall by a delicate membrane. The
former separates it from the branchial cavity ; the latter from the
fifth sac, to be described by-and-by. I could find no natural aper-
ture in the thin inner wall, so that I conceive no communication
can take place between either of these sacs and the fifth sac.

Two irregular, flattened, brownish, soft plates depend from the
posterior wall of the sac into its cavity ; their attached edges are
fixed along a line which is directed from behind obliquely forwards
and upwards.

The outer and smaller of the inferior apertures on each side
leads into a sac of similar dimensions and constitution to the
preceding, but having a less rounded outline in consequence of its
being flattened in one direction against its fellow of the opposite
side, from which it is separated only by a delicate membranous
wall, whilst on another side it is applied against the inferior wall
of the superior sac, and is in like manner separated from it only
by a thin and membranous partition.

Like the upper sacs, each of these has two dark-brown, lamellar,
glandular masses depending from its membranous visceral wall.

A delicate, but broad, triangular membranous process, about
■^th of an inch long, hangs down freely from the visceral wall of
the cavity just behind the opening of the short canal which con-
nects the sac with its aperture.

The third and largest aperture on each side opens directly into
a very large fifth cavity, whose boundary is formed anteriorly by
the visceral walls of the sacs already described, and behind this
by the mantle itself as far as the horny band which marks and
connects the insertion of the shell-muscles.

In fact this cavity may be said to be co-extensive with the
attached part of the mantle, — the viscera, enclosed within their
delicate " peritoneal" membranous coat, projecting into and nearly
filling it, but nevertheless leaving a clear space between them-
selves and the delicate posterior wall of the mantle.

A layer of the " peritoneal" membrane extends from the poste-
rior edge of the muscular expansion which lies between the shell-
muscles and from the upper wall of the dilatation of the vena cava,

38 PBOF. HUXLEY ON SOME POINTS IN THE

and passes upwards and backwards like a diaphragm to the under
surfaces of the gizzard and liver. It is traversed by the aorta, to
whose coats it closely adheres.

Along a line nearly corresponding with the horny band which
proceeds from the insertions of the shell-muscles and encircles
the mantle below, the pallial wall is produced inwards and for-
wards into a membranous fold or ligament, which I will call the
pallio-visceral ligament ; and this pallio-visceral ligament becoming
attached to various viscera, divides the great fifth chamber into an
anterior inferior, and a posterior superior portion, which com-
municate freely with one another.

Commencing with its extreme right-hand end, the ligament is
inserted into the line of reflection of the mantle, and then into
the wall of the oviduct, which becomes enclosed as it were within
the ligament. The latter then ends in a free edge on the inner
side of the oviduct, and is continued along it until it reaches the
inferior surface of the apex of the ovary, into which it is inserted.
The free edge is arcuated ; and the rectum passes over it, but is
in no way connected with it.

Here, therefore, is one great passage of communication between
the anterior and posterior divisions of the fifth chamber.

On the left side, this aperture is limited by the heart, whose
posterior edge is, on the left side, connected by means of a liga-
mentous band with the surface of the apex of the ovary ; but on
the right, for the greater part of its extent, receives a process of
the pallio-visceral ligament. Between the ovario-cardiac ligament
and this process lies the small oval aperture already described by
Professor Owen, which gives passage to the siphonal artery. It
constitutes the middle aperture of communication between the
two divisions of the fifth chamber.

The left-hand end of the ligament is inserted into the upper
wall of the dilated end of the vena cava ; but between this point
and the heart it has a free arcuated edge, as on the right side.

Thus there are in reality three apertures of communication
between the two divisions of the fifth chamber, the middle, by far
the smallest, being alone hitherto known.

A delicate membranous band passes from the whole length of
the middle line of the rectum to the heart and to the ovary.

The singular " pyriform appendage" of the heart lies in the
left process of the ligament, its anterior edge nearly following
the arcuated contour of that process.

The siphuncular process of the mantle was broken in my speci-

ANATOMY OF NAUTILUS POMPILIUS. 39

men ; but its aperture appeared to communicate quite freely with
the posterior division of the fifth chamber.

Four sets of brownish, glandular-looking bodies depend into the
anterior division of the fifth chamber, from parts of the delicate
septa dividing this from the four small sacs, corresponding with
the insertions of the glandular bodies above described.

In fact, on distending the vena cava with air, it is found that
the four branchial arteries traverse these septa, and that the ap-
pendages in question are diverticula of their walls. Consequently
the anterior wall of each branchial vein is produced into two
glandular appendages, which hang into one of the four smaller
sacs, while the posterior wall is produced into a single mass of
appendages, which hangs into the anterior division of the fifth
chamber.

Although, as I believe, the five chambers do not communicate
directly, all the appendages must nevertheless be equally bathed
with sea-water, which enters by the apertures of the chambers.

An impacted yellowish-white concretionary matter filled the
anterior chamber ; and a small quantity of it lay as a fine powder
at the bottom of the posterior one. In the latter, however, its
presence might, by possibility, have been accidental. My col-
league. Dr. Percy, who kindly undertook to examine this sub-
stance, informs me that he has been unable to detect uric acid
in it. The follicular appendages of the branchial arteries present
remarkable differences in their external appearance. The eight
which hang into the four anterior chambers are similar, slightly
festooned, but otherwise simple lamellae; while the four which
depend into the posterior chambers are produced into a number
of papillary processes. This external difference is obvious enough :
whether it be accompanied by a corresponding discrepancy in
minute structure I am unable to say ; for I have not as yet been
able to arrive at any satisfactory results from the microscopic
examination of the altered tissues, and, as will be seen below,
the only observer who has had the opportunity of examining the
Nautilus in the fresh state has not noted any difference of struc-
ture in the two sets of follicles.

One is naturally led to seek among other moUusks for a struc-
ture analogous to the vast posterior aquiferous chamber of the
Nautilus ; and it appears to me that something quite similar is
offered by the Ascidioida and the Brachiopoda. In both cases,
the viscera, inclosed within a delicate tissue, project into a large
cavity communicating freely with the exterior by the cloacal aper-

40 PEOF. HUXLEY ON SOME POINTS IN THE

ture in the one case, and by the funnel-shaped channels which
have been miscalled " hearts " in the other.

The rudimentary renal organs of the Ascidian are developed
in the walls of the cavity in question ; and an aquiferous chamber
of smaller dimensions has the same relation to the kidney in
Lamellibranchiata — in Gasteropoda, Heteropoda, Pteropoda, and
dibranchiate Cephalopoda. But although such is likely enough to
be the case, we do not know at present that the aquiferous chambers
in any of the last named moUusks attain an extension similar to
that which obtains in Nautilus.

On comparing the observations detailed above with the state-
ments of previous writers, I find that, in his well-known " Memoir
on the Pearly Nautilus" (1832), Professor Owen describes "on
each side, at the roots of the branchiae," "a small mamillary
eminence with a transverse slit which conducts from the branchial
cavity into the pericardium. There is, moreover, a foramen at
the lower part of the cavity (o, pi. 5) permitting the escape of a
small vessel ; and by the side of this vessel a free passage is con-
tinued between the gizzard and ovary into the membranous tube
or siphon that traverses the divisions of the shell, thus establish-
ing a communication between the interior of that tube and the
exterior of the animal."

The foramen here described is easily seen ; but, as I have stated,
there are other modes of communication between the so-called
pericardium and the cavity with which the siphuncle communi-
cates, of a far more extensive nature.

With respect to the pericardium itself. Professor Owen states,
" The peritoneum, after lining the cavity which contains the crop
and liver, and enveloping those viscera, forms two distinct pouches
at the bottom of the pallial sac, in one of which, the left, is con-
tained the gizzard, and in the other the ovary ; anterior to these,
and on the ventral aspect of the liver, is another distinct cavity, of
a square shape, which contains the heart and principal vessels,
with the glandular appendages connected therewith," This is
what the author terms the pericardium.

As Van der Hoeven has pointed out, however, the gizzard lies to
the right and the ovary to the left. Moreover, the gizzard is
superior to the ovary, so as only to overlap it a little above ; and I
can find no evidence of the existence of such distinct pouches as
those described.

Professor Owen states that the branchiae " arise by a common
peduncle from the inner surface of the mantle." My own obser-

ANATOMY OP NAUTILUS POMPILTUS. 41

vations, however, and Van der Hoeven's figures, of both male and
female, lead me to believe that the peduncles of the branchiae
are perfectly distinct from one another.

The follicles of the branchial arteries are thus described in the
" Memoir on the Pearly Nautilus :" — " They are short and pyri-
form and closely set together. To each of the branchial arteries
are appended three clusters of these glands, of which one is larger
than the united volume of both the others ; and the larger cluster
is situated on one side of the vessel and the two smaller on the
opposite side. Each of these clusters is contained in a membra-
nous receptacle proper to itself, partitioned off, as it were, from

the pericardium, but communicating with it The two canals

which form the communication between the pericardium and the
branchial cavity commence at the receptacle of the lesser cluster
attached to the superior branchial arteries, and terminate at the
papillae before mentioned, which are situated at the roots of the
branchiae. The pericardium and these receptacles of the glands,
when first laid open, were found filled with a coagulated substance
so closely compacted as to require a careful removal, bit by bit,
before the contained follicles and vessels could be brought into
view."

Like Yalenciennes and Yan der Hoeven, I have been unable to
find any communication between the four sacs in which the small
double clusters of follicles are contained, and the " pericardium ;"
and I hold it to be certain that the other four sets of follicles are
not contained in sacs at all, but lie free in the " pericardium " or
posterior chamber.

No notice is here taken of the widely different characters of the
anterior and posterior follicles ; and the figure gives both a similar
structure.

Valenciennes (" Nouvelles Eecherches sur le Nautile Flambe,"
* Archives du Museum,' ii., 1841) pointed out the existence of three
pairs of apertures opening into the branchial sac, besides the genital
and anal openings ; and he affirms that they open into as many
closed sacs, which communicate neither with one another nor with
the cavity that contains the heart. M. Valenciennes indicates the
difference in the structure of the anterior and posterior venous
appendages. He seems to me to have seen something of the part
which I have described as the pallio-visceral ligament ; but I cannot
clearly comprehend either his figure or his description.

Van der Hoeven, in his ' Contributions to the Knowledge of
the Animal o£ Nautilus pompilius,^ 1850, confirmed the statement

42 PROF. HUXLEY ON SOME POINTS IN THE

of Valenciennes with regard to the existence of three pairs of
apertures ; but he showed, in opposition to him, that one of these
pairs of apertures communicated with the pericardium. The sacs
into which the other two pairs open are, according to this anato-
mist, blind. In the aperture of the anterior blind sac he found a
concretionary matter which he supposed to contain uric acid, but
chemical analysis did not confirm the supposition. Yan der Hoeven
refers to some observations by Yrolik ; but as these are in Dutch,
and have not, so far as I can find, been translated into either
French, German, or English, I know not what they may contain.

In his more recent essay, translated in ' Wiegmann's Archiv ' for
1857, under the title of " Beitrag zur Anatomie von Nautilus
pom^iliuSj^^ Van der Hoeven states that he has again found hard
concretions in the chamber enclosing the appendage of the anterior
branchial artery, and that these on chemical analysis yielded phos-
phate of lime and traces of fat and albumen, but no uric acid.

Mr. Macdonald, in a valuable paper on the anatomy of Nau-
tilus umhilicatus, published in the Philosophical Transactions for
1855, thus describes the follicular appendages of the branchial
arteries : —

" These follicles are subcylindrical in form, somewhat dilated at
the free extremity, to which is appended a folded and funnel-
shaped process of membrane, which expands rather suddenly, pre-
senting a jagged and irregular border. They open by a smooth and
oval or slit-like, orifice into the afierent pulmonary vessels, on each
of which, as Professor Owen has observed, they are disposed in three
clusters. The outer membrane is smooth and glassy, homogeneous
in structure and sprinkled over with minute rounded and trans-
parent bodies, probably the nuclei of cells. Beneath this layer,
flat bundles of fibres, apparently muscular, are traceable here and
there, principally disposed in a longitudinal direction, and some-
times branched. The lining membrane consists of a loose epi-
thelial pavement in many respects similar to that of the uriniferous
tubules of the higher animals, the ceUs containing, besides the
nuclei, numerous minute oil-globules, or a substance much re-
sembling concrete fatty matter. This membrane is thrown up
into an infinite number of papillae and corrugations, so as to
augment the extent of surface considerably. The papillae are
more numerous at the inner part or towards the attached end;
and a circlet of longitudinally disposed folds radiate from the
bottom of the follicles, in which a number of small pits or fenestra-
tions are sometimes visible. Tlie sides of these folds are wrinkled

ANATOMY OF NAtJTILUS POMPILIUS.

43

transversely so as to present a median zigzag elevation. The
funnel-shaped membranous process above noticed is continuous
with the lining membrane, consisting of an extension of the same
epithelial pavement ; but the cells are somewhat larger and more
regular in form. The cavity of each follicle, therefore, communi-
cates with the exterior through the centre of this process ; and the
aperture is thus guarded by a kind of circular valve, permitting
the escape of secreted matter, but effectually preventing the
entrance of fluid from without."

In his fig. 9, pi. XV., Mr. Macdonald depicts certain " crystal-
line bodies often occurring within the follicles."

From what Mr, Macdonald states, one would be led to conclude
that all the follicles have the same structure ; but I suspect this
to be an oversight.

In the second edition of Professor Owen's Lectures on the
Invertebrata (1855), I find no mention of Valenciennes' discovery

Nautilus pompilius. Fig. 1.

Viewed from the left side and a little behind.

Two of the anterior chambers, and the fifth or posterior chamber, laid open.
Natural size.

a. Shell muscle, b. Ovary, e. Intestine, d. Heart ; d'. its pyriform appendage.
e. Superior anterior chamber ; e'. its foUicles. /. Inferior anterior chamber ;
/'. its follicles, ff. Posterior chamber ; ^'. FoUicles. h. Cut ends of bran-
chial arteries, i. Teimination of vena cava. k. Pallio-visceral ligament.

44 THE ANATOMY OF NAUTILUS POMPILIUS.

of the additional four apertures ; but the author states that " on
each side, at the roots of the anterior branchiae, there is a small
mamillary eminence with a transverse slit, which conducts from
the branchial cavity to one of the compartments of the pericar-
dium containing two clusters of venous glands. There are also
two similar, but smaller, slits, contiguous to one another, near the
root of the posterior branchia on each side, which lead to and may
admit sea-water into the compartments containing the posterior
cluster of the venous follicles." In this work the ovary is not
only described, hut figured, on the right side of the gizzard. The
figure, however, rightly places the greater part of the ovary below
that organ.

Nautilus pompilius. Fig. 2.

Natural Size.

The pallio-visceral ligament seen from below : torn on the right side to show
the rectum and oviduct ; cut through on the left side along the dotted line
close to d' in the preceding figure.

a. Anus. b. Oviducal aperture, c. Heart, d. Left branchial veins, e. Right
branchial veins. /. Oviduct cut through, ^j^. Ovary. A. Rectum. ». Mantle.
k h h. Pallio-visceral ligament ; V. its torn portion. The oval " aperture
for the siphonal artery" is seen to the left of c', and the right-hand style
in Fig. 1 passes through it.

ON THE TENDENCY OF SPECIES TO EOKM VARIETIES. 45

On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties ; and on the Per-
petuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of
Selection. By Ciiaeles Dabwin, Esq., F.E.S., E.L.S., &
F.G-.S., and Alfred Wallace, Esq. Communicated by Sir
Charles Lyell, E.E.S., F.L.S., and J. D. Hooker, Esq.,
M.D., V.P.E.S., E.L.S., &c.

[Read July 1st, 1858,}

London, June 30th, 1858.
My Dear Sir, — The accompanying papers, which we have the
honour of communicating to the Linnean Society, and which all
relate to the same subject, viz. the Laws which affect the Pro-
duction of Varieties, Eaces, and Species, contain the results of the
investigations of two indefatigable naturalists, Mr. Charles Darwin
and Mr. Alfred "Wallace.

These gentlemen having, independently and unknown to one
another, conceived the same very ingenious theory to account for
the appearance and perpetuation of varieties and of specific forms
on our planet, may both fairly claim the merit of being original
thinkers in this important line of inquiry ; but neither of them
having published his views, though Mr. Darwin has for many
years past been repeatedly urged by us to do so, and both authors
having now unreservedly placed their papers in our hands, w^e
think it w^ould best promote the interests of science that a selec-
tion from them should be laid before the Linnean Society.

Taken in the order of their dates, they consist of ; —

1. Extracts from a MS. work on Species*, by Mr. Darwin, which
was sketched in 1839, and copied in 1844, when the copy w^as read
by Dr. Hooker, and its contents afterwards communicated to Sir
Charles Lyell. The first Part is devoted to " The Variation of
Organic Beings under Domestication and in their Natural State ;'*
and the second chapter of that Part, from which we propose to
read to the Society the extracts referred to, is headed, " On the
Variation of Organic Beings in a state of Nature ; on the Natural
Means of Selection ; on the Comparison of Domestic Eaces and
true Species."

2. An abstract of a private letter addressed to Professor Asa
Gray, of Boston, U.S., in October 1857, by Mr. Darwin, in which

* Tliis MS. work was never intended for publication, and therefore was not
written with care.— C. D. 1858.

46 MESSES. C. DARWIN AND A. WALLACE ON THE

he repeats his views, and which shows that these remained un-
altered from 1839 to 1857.

3. An Essay by Mr. "Wallace, entitled " On the Tendency of
Varieties to depart indefinitely from the Original Type." This
was written at Ternate in Eebruary 1858, for the perusal of his
friend and correspondent Mr. Darwin, and sent to him with the
expressed wish that it should be forwarded to Sir Charles Lyell,
if Mr. Darwin thought it sufficiently novel and interesting. So
highly did Mr. Darwin appreciate the value of the views therein
set forth, that he proposed, in a letter to Sir Charles Lyell, to
obtain Mr. Wallace's consent to alJ.ow the Essay to be published
as soon as possible. Of this step we highly approved, provided
Mr. Darwin did not withhold from the public, as he was strongly
inclined to do (in favour of Mr. Wallace), the memoir which he
had himself written on the same subject, and which, as before
stated, one of us had perused in 1844, and the contents of which
we had both of us been privy to for many years. On representing
this to Mr. Darwin, he gave us permission to make what use we
thought proper of his memoir, &c. ; and in adopting our present
course, of presenting it to the Linnean Society, we have explained
to him that we are not solely considering the relative claims to
priority of himself and his friend, but the interests of science
generally ; for we feel it to be desirable that views founded on a
wide deduction from facts, and matured by years of reflection,
should constitute at once a goal from which others may start,
and that, while the scientific world is waiting for the appearance
of Mr. Darwin's complete work, some of the leading results of his
labours, as well as those of his able correspondent, should together
be laid before the public.

We have the honour to be yours very obediently,

Chaeles Lyell.

Jos. D. HOOKEE.

J. J. Bennett, Esq.,

Secretary of the Linnean Society.

I. Extract from an unpublished Work on Species, hy C. Daewin,
Esq., consisting of a portion of a Chapter entitled, " On the
Variation of Organic Beings in a state of Nature ; on the
Natural Means of Selection ; on the Compariso7i of Domestic
Baces and true Species.''^

De CandoUe, in an eloquent passage, has declared that all nature
is at war, one organism with another, or with external nature.

TENDENCY OF SPECIES TO FORM VAEIETIES. 47

Seeing the contented face of nature, this may at first well be
doubted ; but reflection will inevitably prove it to be true. The
war, however, is not constant, but recurrent in a slight degree
at short periods, and more severely at occasional more distant
periods; and hence its effects are easily overlooked. It is the
doctrine of Malthus applied in most cases with tenfold force. As
in every climate there are seasons, for each of its inhabitants, of
greater and less abundance, so all annually breed ; and the moral
restraint which in some small degree checks the increase of man-
kind is entirely lost. Even slow-breeding mankind has doubled in
twenty-five years ; and if he could increase his food with greater
ease, he would double in less time. But for animals without
artificial means, the amount of food for each species must, on an
average, be constant, whereas the increase of all organisms tends
to be geometrical, and in a vast majority of cases at an enormous
ratio. Suppose in a certain spot there are eight pairs of birds, and
that only four pairs of them annually (including double hatches)
rear only four young, and that these go on rearing their young at
the same rate, then at the end of seven years (a short life, exclu-
ding violent deaths, for any bird) there will be 2048 birds, instead
of the original sixteen. As this increase is quite impossible, we
must conclude either that birds do not rear nearly half their
young, or that the average life of a bird is, from accident, not
nearly seven years. Both checks probably concur. The same
kind of calculation applied to all plants and animals affords results
more or less striking, but in very few instances more striking than
in man.

Many practical illustrations of this rapid tendency to increase
are on record, among which, during peculiar seasons, are the ex-
traordinary numbers of certain animals ; for instance, during the
years 1826 to 1828, in La Plata, when from drought some millions
of cattle perished, the whole country actually swarmed with mice.
Now I think it cannot be doubted that during the breeding-season
all the mice (with the exception of a few males or females in
excess) ordinarily pair, and therefore that this astounding increase
during three years must be attributed to a greater number than
usual surviving the first year, and then breeding, and so on till
the third year, when their numbers were brought down to their
usual limits on the return of wet weather. Where man has intro-
duced plants and animals into a new and favourable country,
there are many accounts in how surprisingly few years the whole
country has become stocked with them. This increase would

48 MESSllS. C. DARWIN AND A. WALLACE ON THE

necessarily stop as soon as the country was fully stocked; and
yet we have every reason to believe, from what is known of wild
animals, that all would pair in the spring. In the majority of
cases it is most difficult to imagine where the checks fall — though
generally, no doubt, on the seeds, eggs, and young ; but when we
remember how impossible, even in mankind (so much better known
than any other animal), it is to infer from repeated casual obser-
vations what the average duration of life is, or to discover the
different percentage of deaths to births in diiferent countries, we
ought to feel no surprise at our being unable to discover where
the check falls in any animal or plant. It should always be re-
membered, that in most cases the checks are recurrent yearly in
a small, regular degree, and in an extreme degree during unusually
cold, hot, dry, or wet years, according to the constitution of the
being in question. Lighten any check in the least degree, and
the geometrical powers of increase in every organism will almost
instantly increase the average number of the favoured species.
Nature may be compared to a surface on which rest ten thousand
sharp wedges touching each other and driven inwards by incessant
blows. Fully to realize these views much reflection is requisite.
Malthus on man should be studied ; and all such cases as those of
the mice in La Plata, of the cattle and horses when first turned
out in South America, of the birds by our calculation, &c., should
be well considered. Reflect on the enormous multiplying power
inherent and annually in action in all animals ; reflect on the
countless seeds scattered by a hundred ingenious contrivances,
year after year, over the whole face of the land ; and yet we have
every reason to suppose that the average percentage of each of
the inhabitants of a country usually remains constant, rinally,
let it be borne in mind that this average number of individuals
(the external conditions remaining the same) in each country is
kept up by recurrent struggles against other species or against
external nature (as on the borders of the Arctic regions, where
the cold checks life), and that ordinarily each indi\ddual of every
species holds its place, either by its own struggle and capacity of
acquiring nourishment in some period of its life, from the egg
upwards ; or by the struggle of its parents (in short-lived organ-
isms, when the main check occurs at longer intervals) with other
individuals of the same or different species.

But let the external conditions of a country alter. If in a
small degree, the relative proportions of the inhabitants will in
most cases simply be slightly changed ; but let the number of

TEKDENCT OF SPECIES TO FOEM VABIETIES. 49

inhabitants be small, as on an island, and free access to it from
other countries be circumscribed, and let the change of conditions
continue progressing (forming new stations), in such a case the
original inhabitants must cease to be as perfectly adapted to the
changed conditions as they were originally. It has been shown in
a former part of this work, that such changes of external conditions
would, from their acting on the reproductive system, probably
cause the organization of those beings which were most affected to
become, as under domestication, plastic. Now, can it be doubted,
from the struggle each individual has to obtain subsistence, that
any minute variation in structure, habits, or instincts, adapting
that individual better to the new conditions, would tell upon its
vigour and health ? In the struggle it would have a better chance
of surviving ; and those of its offspring which inherited the vari-
ation, be it ever so slight, would also have a better chance. Yearly
more are bred than can survive ; the smallest grain in the balance,
in the long run, must teU on which death shall fall, and which
shall survive. Let this work of selection on the one hand, and
death on the other, go on for a thousand generations, who will
pretend to affirm that it would produce no effect, when we re-
member what, in a few years, Bakewell effected in cattle, and
Western in sheep, by this identical principle of selection ?

To give an imaginary example from changes in progress on
an island : — let the organization of a canine animal which preyed
chiefly on rabbits, but sometimes on hares, become slightly plastic ;
let these same changes cause the number of rabbits very slowly
to decrease, and the number of hares to increase; the effect
of this would be that the fox or dog would be driven to try to
catch more hares : his organization, however, being slightly plastic,
those individuals with the lightest forms, longest limbs, and best
eyesight, let the difference be ever so small, would be slightly
favoured, and would tend to live longer, and to survive during
that time of the year when food was scarcest ; they would also
rear more young, which would tend to inherit these slight pecu-
liarities. The less fleet ones would be rigidly destroyed. I can
see no more reason to doubt that these causes in a thousand
generations would produce a marked effect, and adapt the form of
the fox or dog to the catching of hares instead of rabbits, than that
greyhounds can be improved by selection and careful breeding.
So would it be with plants under similar circumstances. If the
number of individuals of a species with plumed seeds could be
increased by greater powers of dissemination within its own area

LINS-. PKQO.— ZOOLOGY. 4

50 MESSRS. C. DAHWIN and a. WALLACE ON THE

(that is, if the check to increase fell chiefly on the seeds), those
seeds which were provided with ever so little more down, would
in the long run be most disseminated ; hence a greater number of
seeds thus formed would germinate, and would tend to produce
plants inheriting the slightly better-adapted down*.

Besides this natural means of selection, by which those indi-
viduals are preserved, whether in their egg^ or larval, or mature
state, which are best adapted to the place they fill in nature,
there is a second agency at work in most unisexual animals,
tending to produce the same effect, namely, the struggle of the
males for the females. These struggles are generally decided
by the law of battle, but in the case of birds, apparently, by the
charms of their song, by their beauty or their power of court-
ship, as in the dancing rock-thrush of G-uiana. The most vigor-
ous and healthy males, implying perfect adaptation, must gene-
rally gain the victory in their contests. This kind of selection,
however, is less rigorous than the other ; it does not require the
death of the less successful, but gives to them fewer descendants.
The struggle falls, moreover, at a time of year when food is gene-
rally abundant, and perhaps the effect chiefly produced would be
the modification of the secondary sexual characters, which are not
related to the power of obtaining food, or to defence from enemies,
but to fighting with or rivalling other males. The result of this
struggle amongst the males may be compared in some respects
to that produced by those agriculturists who pay less attention
to the careful selection of all their young animals, and more to
the occasional use of a choice mate.

II. Abstract of a Letter from C. Darwin, Esq., to Prof. AsA Gray,
Boston, U.S., dated Down, September 5th, 1857.

1. It is wonderful what the principle of selection by man, that is
the picking out of individuals with any desired quality, and breed-
ing from them, and again picking out, can do. Even breeders have
been astounded at their own results. They can act on difterences
inappreciable to an uneducated eye. Selection has been methodi-
cally followed in Europe for only the last half centuiy ; but it
was occasionally, and even in some degree methodically, fol-
lowed in the most ancient times. There must have been also
a kind of unconscious selection from a remote period, namely in

* I can see no more difficulty in this, than in the planter improving his
rarieties of the cotton plant. — 0. D. 1858.

TEKDENCT OF SPECIES TO FOBM VAllTETIES. 61

the preservation of the individual animals (without any thought
of their offspring) most useful to each race of man in his par-
ticular circumstances. The "roguing," as nurserymen call the
destroying of varieties which depart from their type, is a kind of
selection. I am convinced that intentional and occasional selec-
tion has been the main agent in the production of our domestic
races ; but however tliis may be, its great power of modification
has been indisputably shown in later times. Selection acts only
by the accumulation of slight or greater variations, caused by ex-
ternal conditions, or by the mere fact that in generation the child
is not absolutely similar to its parent. Man, by this power of
accumulating variations, adapts living beings to his wants — may
be said to make the wool of one sheep good for carpets, of another
for cloth, &c.

2. Now suppose there were a being who did not judge by mere
external appearances, but who could study the whole internal or-
ganization, who was never capricious, and should go on selecting
for one object during millions of generations ; wlio will say what he
might not effect ? In nature we have some slight variation occa-
sionally in all parts ; and I think it can be shown that changed
conditions of existence is the main cause of the child not exactly
resembling its parents ; and in nature geology shows us what
changes have taken place, and are taking place. We have almost
unlimited time ; no one but a practical geologist can fully appre-
ciate this. Think of the Glacial period, during the whole of which
the same species at least of shells have existed ; there must have
been during this period millions on millions of generations.

3. I think it can be shown that there is such an unerring
power at work in Natural Selection (the title of my book), which
selects exclusively for the good of each organic being. The elder
De Candolle,'W. Herbert, and Lyell have written excellently on the
struggle for life ; but even they have not written strongly enough.
Eeflect that every being (even the elephant) breeds at such a rate,
that in a few years, or at most a few centuries, the surface of the
earth would not hold the progeny of one pair. I have found it
hard constantly to bear in mind that the increase of every single
species is checked during some part of its life, or during some
shortly recurrent generation. Only a few of those annually born
can live to propagate their kind. What a trifling difference must
often determine which shall survive, and which perish !

4. Now take the case of a country undergoing some change.
This will tend to cause some of its inhabitants to vary slightly —

4*

52 MESSES. C. DARWIN AND A. WALLACE ON THE

not but that I believe most beings vary at all times enough for
selection to act on them. Some of its inhabitants will be extermi-
nated ; and the remainder will be exposed to the mutual action of
a different set of inhabitants, which I believe to be far more im-
portant to the life of each being than mere climate. Considering
the infinitely various methods which living beings follow to obtain
food by struggling with other organisms, to escape danger at
various times of life, to have their eggs or seeds disseminated, &c.
&c., I cannot doubt that during millions of generations individuals
of a species will be occasionally born with some slight variation,
profitable to some part of their economy. Such individuals will
have a better chance of surviving, and of propagating their new
and slightly different structure ; and the modification may be
slowly increased by the accumulative action of natural selection
to any profitable extent. The variety thus formed will either
coexist with, or, more commonly, will exterminate its parent form.
An organic being, like the woodpecker or misseltoe, may thus come
to be adapted to a score of contingences — natural selection accu-
mulating those slight variations in all parts of its structure, which
are in any way useful to it during any part of its life.

5. Multiform difficulties will occur to every one, with respect
to this theory. Many can, I think, be satisfactorily answered.
Natura non facit saltum answers some of the most obvious. The
slowness of the change, and only a very few individuals under-
going change at any one time, answers others. The extreme
imperfection of our geological records answers others.

6. Another principle, which may be called the principle of
divergence, plays, I believe, an important part in the origin of
species. The same spot will support more life if occupied by very
diverse forms. "We see this in the many generic forms in a square
yard of turf, and in the plants or insects on any little uniform
islet, belonging almost invariably to as many genera and families
as species. We can understand the meaning of this fact amongst
the higher animals, whose habits we understand. We know that
it has been experimentally shown that a plot of land will yield a
greater weight if sown with several species and genera of grasses,
than if sown with only two or three species. Now, every organic
being, by propagating so rapidly, may be said to be striving its
utmost to increase in numbers. So it will be with the offspring
of any species after it has become diversified into varieties, or sub-
species, or true species. And it follows, I think, from the fore-
going facts, that the varying offspring of each species will try

TENDENCY OP SPECIES TO EORM VAEIETIES. 53

(only few will succeed) to seize on as many and as diverse places
in the economy of nature as possible. Eacli new variety or species,
wlien formed, will generally take the place of, and thus exterminate
its less well-fitted parent. This I believe to be the origin of the
classification and affinities of organic beings at all times; for
organic beings always seem to branch and sub-branch like the
limbs of a tree from a common trunk, the flourishing and diver-
ging twigs destroying the less vigorous — the dead and lost branches
rudely representing extinct genera and families.

This sketch is most imperfect ; but in so short a space I cannot
make it better. Your imagination must fill up very wide blanks.

C. Daewin.

III. On the Tendency of Varieties to depart indefinitely from the
Original Type, By Alebed Rtjssel Wallace.

One of the strongest arguments which have been adduced to
prove the original and permanent distinctness of species is, that
varieties produced in a state of domesticity are more or less un-
stable, and often have a tendency, if left to themselves, to return
to the normal form of the parent species ; and this instability is
considered to be a distinctive peculiarity of all varieties, even of
those occurring among wild animals in a state of nature, and to
constitute a provision for preserving unchanged the originally
created distinct species.

In the absence or scarcity of facts and observations as to
varieties occurring among wild animals, this argument has had
great weight with naturalists, and has led to a very general and
somewhat prejudiced belief in the stability of species. Equally
general, however, is the belief in what are called " permanent or
true varieties," — races of animals which continually propagate
their like, but which difier so slightly (although constantly) from
some other race, that the one is considered to be a variety of the
other. "Which is the variety and which the original species, there
is generally no means of determining, except in those rare cases
in which the one race has been known to produce an offspring
unlike itself and resembling the other. This, however, would
seem quite incompatible with the "permanent invariability of
species," but the difficulty is overcome by assimiing that such
varieties have strict limits, and can never again vary further from
the original type, although they may return to it, which, from the

64 MESSES. C. DABWIN AND A. WALLACE ON THE

analogy of the domesticated animals, is considered to be higlily
probable, if not certainly proved.

It will be observed that this argument rests entirely on the
assumption, that varieties occurring in a state of nature are in all
respects analogous to or even identical with those of domestic
animals, and are governed by the same laws as regards their per-
manence or further variation. But it is the object of the present
paper to show that this assumption is altogether false, that there
is a general principle in nature which will cause many varieties to
survive the parent species, and to give rise to successive variations
departing further and further from the original type, and which
also produces, in domesticated animals, the tendency of varieties
to return to the parent form.

The life of wild animals is a struggle for existence. The full
exertion of all their faculties and all their energies is required to
preserve their own existence and provide for that of their infant
offspring. The possibility of procuring food during the least
favourable seasons, and of escaping the attacks of their most dan-
gerous enemies, are the primary conditions which determine the
existence both of individuals and of entire species. These con-
ditions will also determine the population of a species ; and by a
careful consideration of all the circumstances we may be enabled
to comprehend, and in some degree to explain, what at first sight
appears so inexplicable — the excessive abundance of some species,
while others closely allied to them are very rare.

The general proportion that must obtain between certain groups
of animals is readily seen. Large animals cannot be so abundant
as small ones; the carnivora must be less numerous than the
herbivora ; eagles and lions can never be so plentiful as pigeons
and antelopes ; the wild asses of the Tartarian deserts cannot
equal in numbers the horses of the more luxuriant prairies and
pampas of America. The greater or less fecundity of an animal
is often considered to be one of the chief causes of its abundance
or scarcity ; but a consideration of the facts will show us that it
really has little or nothing to do with the matter. Even the least
prolific of animals would increase rapidly if unchecked, whereas it
is evident that the animal population of the globe must be sta-
tionary, or perhaps, through the influence of man, decreasing.
Fluctuations there may be ; but permanent increase, except in re-
stricted localities, is almost impossible. For example, our own
observation must convince us that birds do not go on increasing
every year in a geometrical ratio, as they would do, were there not

TENDENCY OF SPECIES TO FOEM VABIETIES. 55

some powerful check to their natural increase. Very lew birds
produce less than two young ones each year, while many have
six, eight, or ten ; four will certainly be below the average ; and if
we suppose that each pair produce young only four times in their
life, that will also be below the average, supposing them not to
die either by violence or want of food. Yet at this rate how tre-
mendous would be the increase in a few years from a single pair I
A simple calculation will show that in fifteen years each pair of
birds would have increased to nearly ten millions ! whereas we
have no reason to believe that the number of the birds of any
country increases at all in fifteen or in one hundred and fifty years.
With such powers of increase the population must have reached
its limits, and have become stationary, in a very few years after the
origin of each species. It is evident, therefore, that each year an
immense number of birds must perish — as many in fact as are
born ; and as on the lowest calculation the progeny are each year
twice as numerous as their parents, it follows that, whatever be the
average number of individuals existing in any given country, twice
that number must 'perish annually, — a striking result, but one which
seems at least highly probable, and is perhaps under rather than
over the truth. It would therefore appear that, as far as the con-
tinuance of the species and the keeping up the average number
of individuals are concerned, large broods are superfluous. On
the average all above one become food for hawks and kites, wild
cats and weasels, or perish of cold and hunger as winter comes on.
This is strikingly proved by the case of particular species ; for we
find that their abundance in individuals bears no relation whatever
to their fertility in producing offspring. Perhaps the most re-
markable instance of an immense bird population is that of the
passenger pigeon of the United States, which lays only one, or
at most two eggs, and is said to rear generally but one young
one. Why is this bird so extraordinarily abundant, while others
producing two or three times as many young are much less plen-
tiful ? The explanation is not difficult. The food most congenial
to this species, and on which it thrives best, is abundantly distri-
buted over a very extensive region, offering such differences of
soil and climate, that in one part or another of the area the supply
never fails. The bird is capable of a very rapid and long-contiuued
flight, so that it can pass without fatigue over the whole of the
district it inhabits, and as soon as the supply of food begins to
fail in one place is able to discover a fresh feeding-ground. This
example strikingly shows us that the procuring a constant supply

56 MESSRS. C. DARWIK AND A. WALLACE ON THE

of wholesome food is almost the sole condition requisite for ensu-
ring the rapid increase of a given species, since neither the limited
fecundity, nor the unrestrained attacks of birds of prey and of
man are here sufficient to check it. In no other birds are these
peculiar circumstances so strikingly combined. Either their food
is more liable to failure, or they have not sufficient power of wing
to search for it over an extensive area, or during some season of the
year it becomes very scarce, and less wholesome substitutes have
to be found ; and thus, though more fertile in offspring, they can
never increase beyond the supply of food in the least favourable
seasons. Many birds can only exist by migrating, when their food
becomes scarce, to regions possessing a milder, or at least a different
climate, though, as these migrating birds are seldom excessively
abundant, it is evident that the countries they visit are still
deficient in a constant and abundant supply of wholesome food.
Those whose organization does not permit them to migrate when
their food becomes periodically scarce, can never attain a large
population. This is probably the reason why woodpeckers are
scarce with us, while in the tropics they are among the most
abundant of solitary birds. Thus the house sparrow is more abun-
dant than the redbreast, because its food is more constant and
plentiful, — seeds of grasses being preserved during the winter, and
our farm-yards and stubble-fields furnishing an almost inexhaust-
ible supply. Why, as a general rule, are aquatic, and especially
sea birds, very numerous in individuals ? JSTot because they are
more prolific than others, generally the contrary; but because
their food never fails, the sea-shores and river-banks daily swarm-
ing with a fresh supply of small moUusca and Crustacea. Exactly
the same laws will apply to mammals. Wild cats are prolific and
have few enemies; why then are they never as abundant as rabbits ?
The only intelligible answer is, that their supply of food is more
precarious. It appears evident, therefore, that so long as a
country remains physically unchanged, the numbers of its animal
population cannot materially increase. If one species does so,
some others requiring the same kind of food must diminish in
proportion. The numbers that die annually must be immense ;
and as the individual existence of each animal depends upon itself,
those that die must be the weakest — the very young, the aged, and
the diseased, — while those that prolong their existence can only
be the most perfect in health and vigour — those who are best able
to obtain food regularly, and avoid their numerous enemies. It
is, as we commenced by remarking, "a struggle for existence," in

TENDENCY OF Si?EOIES TO TOEM VAEIETIES. 57

which the weakest and least perfectly organized must always
succumb.

Now it is clear that what takes place among the individuals of
a species must also occur among the several allied species of a
group, — viz. that those which are best adapted to obtain a regular
supply of food, and to defend themselves against the attacks of
their enemies and the vicissitudes of the seasons, must necessarily
obtain and preserve a superiority in population ; while those species
which from some defect of power or organization are the least
capable of counteracting the vicissitudes of food, supply, &c., must
diminish in numbers, and, in extreme cases, become altogether
extinct. Between these extremes the species will present various
degrees of capacity for ensuring the means of preserving life ; and
it is thus we account for the abundance or rarity of species. Our
ignorance wiU generally prevent us from accurately tracing the
effects to their causes ; but could we become perfectly acquainted
with the organization and habits of the various species of animals,
and could we measure the capacity of each for performing the
different acts necessary to its safety and existence under all the
varying circumstances by which it is surrounded, we might be able
even to calculate the proportionate abundance of individuals which
is the necessary result.

If now we have succeeded in establishing these two points —
1st, that the animal population of a cotmtry is generally stationary,
heing kept down hy a periodical deficiency of food, and other checks \
and, 2nd, that the comparative abundance or scarcity of the indi-
viduals of the several species is entirely due to their organization and
resulting habits, which, rendering it more difficult to procure a
regular swpply of food and to provide for their personal safety in
some cases than in others, can only be balanced by a difference in
the population which have to exist in a given area — we shall be in
a condition to proceed to the consideration of varieties, to which
the preceding remarks have a direct and very important appli-
cation.

Most or perhaps all the variations from the typical form of a
species must have some definite effect, however slight, on the
habits or capacities of the individuals. Even a change of colour
might, by rendering them more or less distinguishable, affect their
safety ; a greater or less development of hair might modify their
habits. More important changes, such as an increase in the power
or dimensions of the limbs or any of the external organs, would
more or less affect their mode of procuring food or the range of

58 MESSES. C. DAEWIN AND A. WALLACE ON THE

country which they inhabit. It is also evident that most changes
would affect, either favourably or adversely, the powers of pro-
longing existence. An antelope with shorter or weaker legs must
necessarily suffer more from the attacks of the feline carnivora ;
the passenger pigeon with less powerful wings would sooner or
later be affected in its powers of procuring a regular supply of
food ; and in both cases the result must necessarily be a diminu-
tion of the population of the modified species. If, on the other
hand, any species should produce a variety having slightly increased
powers of preserving existence, that variety must inevitably in
time acquire a superiority in numbers. These results must follow
as surely as old age, intemperance, or scarcity of food produce an
increased mortality. In both cases there may be many individual
exceptions ; but on the average the rule will invariably be found
to hold good. All varieties will therefore fall into two classes —
those which under the same conditions would never reach the
population of the parent species, and those which would in time
obtain and keep a numerical superiority. Now, let some alteration
of physical conditions occur in the district — a long period of
drought, a destruction of vegetation by locusts, the irruption of
some new carnivorous animal seeking " pastures new" — any change
in fact tending to render existence more difficult to the species in
question, and tasking its utmost powers to avoid complete exter-
mination ; it is evident that, of all the individuals composing the
species, those forming the least numerous and most feebly organ-
ized variety would suffer first, and, were the pressure severe, must
soon become extinct. The same causes continuing in action, the
parent species would next suffer, would gradually diminish in
numbers, and with a recurrence of similar unfavourable conditions
might also become extinct. The superior variety would then alone
remain, and on a return to favourable circumstances would rapidly
increase in numbers and occupy the place of the extinct species
and variety.

The variety would now have replaced the species, of which it
would be a more perfectly developed and more highly organized
form. It would be in all respects better adapted to secure its
safety, and to prolong its individual existence and that of the race.
Such a variety could not return to the original form ; for that form
is an inferior one, and could never compete with it for existence.
Granted, therefore, a " tendency" to reproduce the original type
of the species, still the variety must ever remain preponderant in
numbers, and under adverse physical conditions again alone survive.

TENDENCY OE SPECIES TO FORM VAEIETIES. 59

But this new, improved, and populous race might itself, in course
of time, give rise to new varieties, exhibiting several diverging
modifications of form, any of which, tending to increase the facili-
ties for preserving existence, must, by the same general law, in their
turn become predominant. Here, then, we have progression mid
coiUinued divergence deduced from the general laws which regulate
the existence of animals in a state of nature, and from the undis-
puted fact that varieties do frequently occur. It is not, however,
contended that this result would be invariable ; a change of phy-
sical conditions in the district might at times materially modify it,
rendering the race which had been the most capable of supporting
existence under the former conditions now the least so, and even
causing the extinction of the newer and, for a time, superior race,
while the old or parent species and its first inferior varieties con-
tinued to flourish. Variations in unimportant parts might also
occur, having no perceptible eflfect on the life-preserving powers j
and the varieties so furnished might run a course parallel with
the parent species, either giving rise to further variations or re-
turning to the former type. All we argue for is, that certain
varieties have a tendency to maintain their existence longer than
the original species, and this tendency must make itself felt ; for
though the doctrine of chances or averages can never be trusted
to on a limited scale, yet, if applied to high numbers, the results
come nearer to what theory demands, and, as we approach to an
infinity of examples, become strictly accurate. Now the scale on
which nature works is so vast — the numbers of individuals and
periods of time with which she deals approach so near to infinity,
that any cause, however slight, and however liable to be veiled and
counteracted by accidental circumstances, must in the end produce
its full legitimate results.

Let us now turn to domesticated animals, and inquire how va-
rieties produced among them are affected by the principles here
enunciated. The essential difference in the condition of wild and
domestic animals is this, — that among the former, their well-
being and very existence depend upon the full exercise and healthy
condition of all their senses and physical powers, whereas, among
the latter, these are only partially exercised, and in some cases
are absolutely unused. A wild animal has to search, and often
to labour, for every mouthful of food — to exercise sight, hearing,
and smell in seeking it, and in avoiding dangers, in procuring
shelter from the inclemency of the seasons, and in providing for
the subsistence and safety of its offspring. There is no muscle of

60 MESSBS. C. DAEWIN AND A. WALLACE ON THE

its body that is not called into daily and hourly activity ; there is
no sense or faculty that is not strengthened by continual exercise.
The domestic animal, on the other hand, has food provided for it,
is sheltered, and often confined, to guard it against the vicissitudes
of the seasons, is carefully secured from the attacks of its natural
enemies, and seldom even rears its young without human assistance.
Half of its senses and faculties are quite useless ; and the other
half are but occasionally called into feeble exercise, while even its
muscular system is only irregularly called into action.

Now when a variety of such an animal occurs, having increased
power or capacity in any organ or sense, such increase is to-
tally useless, is never called into action, and may even exist without
the animal ever becoming aware of it. In the wild animal, on the
contrary, all its faculties and powers being brought into full action
for the necessities of existence, any increase becomes inunediately
available, is strengthened by exercise, and must even slightly mo-
dify the food, the habits, and the whole economy of the race. It
creates as it were a new animal, one of superior powers, and which
will necessarily increase in numbers and outlive those inferior
to it.

Again, in the domesticated animal all variations have an equal
chance of continuance ; and those which would decidedly render a
wild animal unable to compete with its fellows and continue its
existence are no disadvantage whatever in a state of domesticity.
Our quickly fattening pigs, short-legged sheep, pouter pigeons,
and poodle dogs could never have come into existence in a state
of nature, because the very first step towards such inferior forms
would have led to the rapid extinction of the race ; still less
could they now exist in competition with their wUd allies. The
great speed but slight endurance of the race horse, the unwieldy
strength of the ploughman's team, would both be useless in a
state of nature. If turned wild on the pampas, such animals would
probably soon become extinct, or under favourable circumstances
might each lose those extreme qualities which would never be called
into action, and in a few generations would revert to a common
type,'which must be that in which the various powers and faculties
are so proportioned to each other as to be best adapted to procure
food and secure safety, — that in which by the full exercise of every
part of his organization the animal can alone continue to live.
Domestic varieties, when turned wild, must return to something
near the type of the original wild stock, or hecome altogether
extinct.

TENDENCY OP SPECIES TO FOEM VAEIETIES. 61

"We see, then, that no inferences as to varieties in a state of
nature can be deduced from the observation of those occurring
among domestic animals. The two are so much opposed to each
other in every circumstance of their existence, that what applies
to the one is almost sure not to apply to the other. Domestic
animals are abnormal, irregular, artificial; they are subject to
varieties which never occur and never can occur in a state of
nature : their very existence depends altogether on human care ;
so far are many of them removed from that just proportion of
faculties, that true balance of organization, by means of which
alone an animal left to its own resources can preserve its existence
and continue its race.

The hypothesis of Lamarck — that progressive changes in species
have been produced by the attempts of animals to increase the
development of their own organs, and thus modify their structure
and habits — has been repeatedly and easily refuted by all writers
on the subject of varieties and species, and it seems to have been
considered that when this was done the whole question has been
finally settled ; but the view here developed renders such an hypo-
thesis quite unnecessary, by showing that similar results must be
produced by the action of principles constantly at work in nature.
The powerful retractile talons of the falcon- and the cat-tribes
have not been produced or increased by the volition of those
animals ; but among the different varieties which occurred in the
earlier and less highly organized forms of these groups, those
always survived longest which had the greatest facilities for seizing
their prey. Neither did the giraffe acquire its long neck by de-
siring to reach the foliage of the more lofty shrubs, and constantly
stretching its neck for the purpose, but because any varieties
which occurred among its antitypes with a longer neck than usual
at once secured a fresh range of pasture over the same ground as
their shorter-necJced companions, and on the first scarcity of food
were therely enabled to outlive them. Even the peculiar colours of
many animals, especially insects, so closely resembling the soil or
the leaves or the trunks on which they habitually reside, are ex-
plained on the same principle ; for though in the course of ages
varieties of many tints may have occurred, yet those races having
colours hest adapted to concealment from their enemies would inevi-
tably survive the longest. We have also here an acting cause to
account for that balance so often observed in nature, — a deficiency
in one set of organs always being compensated by an increased
development of some others— powerful wings accompanying weak

63 ON THE TENDENCY OF SPECIES TO FOEM VABIETIES.

feet, or great velocity making up for the absence of defensive
weapons ; for it has been shown that all varieties in which an
unbalanced deficiency occurred could not long continue their ex-
istence. The action of this principle is exactly like that of the
centrifugal governor of the steam engine, which checks and cor-
rects any irregularities almost before they become evident ; and
in like manner no unbalanced deficiency in the animal kingdom
can ever reach any conspicuous magnitude, because it would make
itself felt at the very first step, by rendering existence difiicult
and extinction almost sure soon to follow. An origin such as is
here advocated will also agree with the peculiar character of the
modifications of form and structure which obtain in organized
beings — the many lines of divergence from a central type, the
increasing efficiency and power of a particular organ through a
succession of allied species, and the remarkable persistence of
unimportant parts such as colour, texture of plumage and hairj
form of horns or crests, through a series of species differing con-
siderably in more essential characters. It also furnishes us with
a reason for that "more specialized structure" which Professor
Owen states to be a characteristic of recent compared with extinct
forms, and which would evidently be the result of the progressive
modification of any organ applied to a special purpose in the
animal economy.

We believe we have now shown that there is a tendency in
nature to the continued progression of certain classes of varieties
further and further from the original type — a progression to which
there appears no reason to assign any definite limits — and that
the same principle which produces this result in a state of nature
will also explain why domestic varieties have a tendency to revert
to the original type. This progression, by minute steps, in various
directions, but always checked and balanced by the necessary con-
ditions, subject to which alone existence can be preserved, may, it
is believed, be followed out so as to agree with all the phenomena
presented by organized beings, their extinction and succession in
past ages, and all the extraordinary modifications of form, instinct,
and habits which they exhibit.

Ternate, February, 1858.

KNOX ON THE CETACEA.

Contributions to the Anatomy and Natural History of the
Cetacea. By E Knox, Esq., M.D., F.E.S.E. Communi-
cated by the Secretary.

[Eeceived Oct. 6, 1857.]

Part I. The Dolphins.

The dissection of the Cetacea, and more especially of the larger
kinds, is attended with great difficulty, and not unfrequently
entails heavy expenses on those who attempt it. For these
reasons I have thought that zoologists might be pleased to have,
even now, submitted to them the results of numerous dissections
made many years ago, when, not stinted in means, and having the
aid of excellent assistants, I attempted the dissection even of the
gigantic Arctic Rorqual, the largest, perhaps, of all living beings.
Certain of the details have been from time to time laid before the
public, but in an extremely scattered and incomplete form, and
without the illustrations (artistic), which explain so much better
than any verbal description. The greater part is still before me
in manuscript. It is my intention in the following contributions
to endeavour to connect them together, adding to those already
published many facts I find in MSS. The original drawings,
made by my brother and by Messrs. Edward Forbes and Henry
Goodsir (who were at that time my students and assistants), are
still in my possession.

Determination of Species. — The determination of species as
regards the Cetacea is one of much difficulty ; Cuvier met this
difficulty by an appeal to anatomy. The number of vertebrae com-
posing the vertebral column (exclusive of the cephalic) seemed to
me a tolerably secure guide in the determination of species, — being
aware, however, that some doubted the method, believing that the
number of the vertebrae might vary, first, with the individual,
secondly with the age of the specimen. I still continue to be of
my original opinion, that the number of vertebrae comprising the
vertebral column, properly so called, may safely be trusted in de-
termining the species of the Cetacea ; and with this view I drew
up the following Table, excepting from it the genus Dugong, which
I have never considered to be a Cetacean : —

LINN. PROC— ZOOLOGY. 5

64

KNOX ON THE CETAOEA.

Tabular View of the Number of the Vertehrce
(Cephalic vertebree excluded.)

certain Cetacea.

Species.

Authorities.

CuVlEJi.

RlTDOLPHI.

Knox.

J. HUNTEE.

Htjntee
(Glasgow.)

1. Mysticettts.

Skeleton of the fcetus
(the cervical reckoned
as 7) of the Mysticetns
horealis, Greenland...

48
65

48

61 or 62.
46

90
90

Adult Mysticetus^
Whale of Commerce .

B.Mysticetus australis^
True Whale of the
Cape Seas

unknown
59

2. Bal^nopteba.
Gigantic Northern Ror-
qual

Specimen of Rorqual de-
scribed by Rudolphi .

B. rostrata of Fabri-
cius ; on the authority
of Van Beneden :
A. Rorqual

54

Great Whale at Ant-
werp. Yan Beneden.
Species not stated . . .

The lesser Rorqual of
the North. .

48
81

46

Great Rorqual of the
Cape

52

60
67

a. Phtsetee.
Sperm Whale or Ca-
chalot

4. Delphinus.

D. Bel/phis

JD. Belphis. In my

B. Belphis. In the
Museum of Dr. R.
Hunter, Glasgow

B. Belphis. Dissected
by John Hunter

60
51

B. Phoccena

66

65

B.Ehsenii. Van Bene-
den

In a late number of the ' Bulletins of the Eoyal Academy of
Brussels ' I find some valuable remarks in respect of these points
by M. Van Beneden. He praises, and deservedly, no doubt, the
exertions of M. Eschricht to collect a proper Museum of the
Cetacea. It appears, according to M. Eschricht, that at no age
whatever do we find in true whales (meaning, I presume, the

KNOX ON THE OETACEA. 65

Mysticetus horealis and australis) any distinct vertebrsB in the
cervical region as in other mammals. A fusion of all into one bone
or cartilage seems to take place even in the youngest foetus. In
the foetus examined by me of this species (a specimen removed from
the uterus of a true Mysticetus killed in the G-reenland seas), I do
not recollect the- precise appearance of the cervical vertebrae ; but
the skeleton is in existence, and shaU be referred to. To the
skeleton of the Eorqual now in the Museum at Antwerp, and which
seems to me of the same species as the one I dissected in Scotland
(and of which the skeleton, prepared with infinite care by my
brother and myself, was presented by me to the Town Council of
Edinburgh, and is now preserved in the Zoological Gardens of
the same city), he gives the following vertebrae : —

Skeleton of the Eorqual at Antwerp — Cervical . . 7

Dorsal . . 14-15

Lumbar . . 15

Caudal .. 25*

Total 61 or 62

In the skeleton of the Great Eorqual now in the Zoological
Gardens at Edinburgh, and originally dissected and prepared by
my brother and myself, these vertebrae are —

Cervical 7

Dorsal 15

Lumbar and Caudal 43

Total.... 65

In that of the Lesser Eorqual I dissected in 1830, the skeleton of
which I think is still preserved in the Museum of the University
of Edinburgh, we found —

VertebrcB.

Cervical 7

Dorsal 11

Lumbar 13

Caudal 17

Total 48

The specimen was that of a young animal, and of the same species,

* It is stated that some of the last of these are of wood. The skeleton in
Edinburgh is perfect.

5*

66 KNOX ON THE CETACEA.

I believe, as the one described by Mr. Hunter and Fabricius ; it is a
distinct species, and not merely the young of the Great Eorqual.

I shall return to the Dugong, as not being a Cetacean, in a
future Section : its skeleton has been examined in a masterly way
by De Blainville, an anatomist and observer of the highest order,
since the time I wrote and published my Memoir on the Dugong.

The first great step in the anatomy of the Cetacea is unques-
tionably due to Cuvier ; but his dissections were almost confined
to the genus Delphinus, or the common Porpoise of our coasts. I
repeated all his dissections, and found them, as they almost always
were, scrupulously exact ; but when I came to examine Cetacea
with whalebone instead of teeth, I was surprised to find how
difierent, in fact, the anatomy of the two great families was.
Scarcely in any great natural family do we find Cuvier' s favourite
theory of anatomical and physiological co-relations so entirely at
fault as in the Cetacea. The teeth or whalebone, as natural-history
characters, lead to no results ; the whole structure of the interior
defies all a-priori reasoning. The brain in whalebone-whales does
not fill the interior of the cranium ; so that the capacity of the one
is no measure of the solid bulk of the other. Their food is
various, having no relation to the teeth or buccal appendages;
vascular structures surround the spinal marrow, and extend in the
Balwnopterce into the cavity of the cranium, which seem to be
without any analogy in other mammals, or, at the least, a very
obscure one, and whose functions are wholly unknown.

Cetacea might with some propriety be divided into whales with
whalebone, and whales with teeth. Those with whalebone have
rudimentary teeth in both jaws in the foetal state. Fossil Cetacea
exist, and they seem to have been of both kinds, but, no doubt,
were generically and specifically distinct from the recent. Jud-
ging from the remains of those I have seen, I am inclined to think
that those with teeth were of a stronger and firmer build in the
skeleton than those called recent; that the neck was longer,
and the caudal portion of the column shorter than in the recent
kinds, and that they approached the Saurians in form. There is
a remarkable want of symmetry in the crania of some of the
Cetacea ; but most remarkable is the cranium of the Narwhal. Of
this fact I have already spoken, in the article published in the
Transactions of the Eoyal Society of Edinburgh.

Delphinus PJioccena. Dissection of a small Cetacean sent to me
from Orkney in the month of May 1835. — This species is said to
abound on the coasts, and to furnish a kind of fishery to the in-

KNOX ON THE CETACEA. « 67

habitants. On dissection we found 81 vertebrsB, exclusive of the
cephalic. The species must be quite distinct from those pre-
viously and subsequently examined by myself and many others,
in which the number of vertebrae ranged from 61 to 66. It
is also, I think, distinct from the specimen I saw in Dr. R.
Hunter's Museum in Glasgow, in which the number of vertebrae
was 90, exclusive of the cephalic in all the cases. Thus it stands
with regard to the Cetacea called Porpoises and Dolphins.

In certain species of Delphinus the vertical column is com-
posed of 61 vertebrae, in others of 65, in others of 66, in others of
81, in others of 90.

The specimen I now describe was, no doubt, that of a young
anin^al ; and the skeleton was prepared, consequ(mtly, as a natural
one. This method has the advantage of security against the loss
of any important osseous structures, which too frequently happens
when the bones require to be macerated. The bones con-
tained little oil, and weighed, head included, only ^\ lbs. ; the
whole animal, when entire, weighed 14 stone, or 196 lbs. ; the
skeleton therefore was about a twenty-fourth part of the whole
weight. It was a fetnale. The external nostrils terminated in a
single orifice of a semilunar shape, with the concavity turned
towards the snout. Measurements of young animals have not the
importance of those of the adult ; but I give them here because I
think that the specimen, although young, had nearly attained its
full growth : —

ft. in.

Total length over the dorsum 6 5f

„ „ lateral surface 6 llf

„ „ abdominal surface 6 llf

From the snout to the nostrils 11-|

From the nostrils to the dorsal fin 1 6-|

Base of the dorsal fin ; Oil

Erom dorsal fin to foot of tail 3 Of

Breadth of pectoral limb 4-|

From the snout to the organs of generation . . 3 9f

Circumference anterior to the arm 2 9

„ „ dorsal fin 3 2-|

„ posterior to dorsal fin 2 10

„ at setting on of the tail 8-|

Length of pectoral limb 10

Breadth of tail . . . . " 1 2

Greatest height of the dorsal fin : . . 9

68 KKOX ON THE CETACEA.

From the notes taken at the time, I find that my brother
remarks that the Dolphin of Orkney differed a good deal in shape
from those found in the Forth and seas in the South of Scotland.
There were, moreover, 16 more vertebrae than in the skeleton of
the Common Porpoise of authors. The teeth generally weighed
2^ grains each.

Further, the muscles of the tongue, intrinsic as well as ex-
trinsic, were extremely well developed. The isthmus faucium
was 3 inches long. All this part was extremely glandular. A
well-marked muscular gullet followed, composed of two layers of
muscular fibres, — one circular internally, and one longitudinal ex-
ternally. These latter sent a slip to the base of the arytaenoid car-
tilages. The mucous membrane of the gullet had no true epidermic
covering, and in this respect diifered remarkably from the first
gastric compartment, from which a cuticular lining could be
peeled off, as strong as that from the sole of the foot in man.
The larynx presented that organization so well described by the
illustrious Cuvier, and which I believe to be peculiar to the
whales with teeth. It differs very much, as I explained long
ago, in its arrangement from that of Whalebotie Whales, — a fact of
which I think Cuvier was not aware. The cricoid cartilage was
imperfect in form ; the hyo-epiglottic muscles very strong. The
proper arytaenoid were present, and strong, but did not extend so
high as in man ; the thyro-arytaenoid muscles were very fully de-
veloped. In the interior of the larynx there were no projections
nor ventricles, no cuneiform cartilages, nor cornicula laryngis.
The rings of the trachea formed complete circles.

Stomach. — The cuticular lining is limited to the first cavity or
compartment. It is in the second compartment that is found the
curious glandular arrangement first, I believe, described by me in
the ' Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.' This
structure is most probably not limited to the second compart-
ment. There are four distinct compartments in the stomach of
this animal. A dilated duodenum follows, 6 inches in length. It
is possible that this may have been in some instances mistaken for
a stomach. The valvulae conniventes commence with the jejunum ;
these are longitudinal, and extend to within about 6 inches of tlie
anus, terminating at a point where the intestine seems enlarged.
The length of the intestines, large and small, was 90 feet ; circum-
ference generally about 2 inches. Thousands and tens of thou-
sands of parasitical worms were found in the stomach, but none in
the intestine. In the stomach also we found four mandibles of

KNOX ON THE CETACEA. bU

the cuttlefish, but no remains of anything in the intestines, and
no parasites.

Heart and Vessels. — The heart weighed exactly one pound. The
Eustachian valve was small, that of Thebesius imperfect. The
aorta proceeded for about 3 inches of its course before giving
off any branches. At a point corresponding to the 15th or 16th
lumbar vertebra the vessel divided into the common iliacs. The
art. sacri media, its continuation, continued its course protected by
the Y-bones, and giving off branches corresponding to the inter-
vertebral spaces.

Brain and Nervous System. — The erectile tissue surrounding
the spinal cord and origin of the spinal nerves in the Cetacea did
not extend into the interior of the cranium. The entire ence-
phalic mass weighed 2\ lbs. : cerebrum, 2 lbs. ; cerebellum, \ ;
pons and medulla, -j=2J. Compared with a drawing of Camper
of the Belphinus Fhoccena, the brain was found to differ remark-
ably, in being much broader in the line of the middle and poste-
rior lobes. In no animal did I ever find the fibrous structure of
the brain so well marked ; and this extended to the cerebellum *.
I give here some measurements of the brain, which may be of use
to future observers. The brain is short from before backwards,
but broad transversely : —

Antero-posterior diameter 5f inches.

Breadth 8 „

Greatest breadth of the cerebellum 4 „

Length of the cerebellar hemisphere . . . . 4f „

Depth of ditto 3f „

Weight of the encephalic mass 2^ lbs.

Depth of the interhemispherical fissure . . If inches.

Length of the corpus callosum 1^ „

Weight of cerebrum 2 "j

„ cerebellum OJ \=^^ lbs.

„ the pons and med. oblongata . . 0^ J

Nerves. — The 7th pair was found to be unexpectedly large and
firm, including both portions. The anterior roots of the spinal
nerves were far more numerous than the posterior or dorsal.

* " The substance of the brain is more visibly fibrous than I ever saw it in
any other animal, the fibres passing from the ventricles as from a centre to the
circumference, which fibrous texture is also continued through the cortical sub-
stance."— Huntee, " On Whales," ' Animal Economy,' Palmer's edit. p. 373.

70 KNOX ON THE CETACEA.

Muscles. — The panniculus carnosus, strong and fleshy, extended
nearly over the whole trunk. The recti abdominis were power-
ful, and attached inferiorly in this way : — A portion runs to the
pelvic bones ; a much stronger to a strong aponeurosis, situated
between the anus and the root of the tail.

The erector muscles of the spine (sacrolumbalis, longissimus
dorsi and multifidus spinse) weighed fully 16 lbs. They had but
slender costal attachments ; but their spinal (small delicate ten-
dons) were innumerable. The scaleni were very large ; and the
vessels held the same relation to them as in man. The serratus
magnus was comparatively small. The larger rhomboid had no
spinal attachment ; the minor rhomboid seemed to be the larger
of the two. The pectorals were comparatively small. The adi-
pose tissue appeared to be wholly confined to the subcutaneous
region. The muscles were of a deep brown colour, full of blood,
with a short, dark, and well-flavoured fibre : when cooked, they
had a strong resemblance in flavour and taste to the flesh of the
hare.

Part II. The Bal^na Whales, oe Whales with Whalebone.

In February 1834 a young whale of the family of Balaena Whales
was caught near the Queensferry, in the Firth of Forth. One
much larger had been seen some time before, but escaped. I
purchased it for dissection, although I was aware that it was im-
possible for me, during the hurry of the winter session, to devote
much time to it. But I had able assistants (Mr. Henry Goodsir,
Mr. Edward Forbes, and my brother), from whom I expected a
good deal of aid. Some very beautiful drawings of this whale,
made for me by Mr. Edward Forbes and by my brother, are still
in mj possession.

It was easy to see, by the dorsal fin and by the numerous plaits
or folds on the abdominal surface of the throat and chest, before
any dissection, that the specimen was a young Balsenopterous
whale, differing in a great many points from the true whale or
Mysticetus : for, 1st, the form of the head was entirely different ;
2nd, it had a dorsal fin ; and, 3rd, occupying the lower surface of
the throat and thorax were numerous folds of the integuments.
To this class of whales I have been in the habit of giving the name
of Eorqual, to distinguish them from the other class of Whale-
bone Whales, the Mysticetus both horealis and australis.

KNOX ON THE CETACEA. 71

It appears from my notes, that at that time M. Gr. Cuvier
considered the species I now describe as identical with the Great
Rorqual I had described about two years previously ; but I felt
convinced then, as now, that they form distinct species, and in
this opinion some continental anatomists seem to coincide.

Being persuaded that there was some inaccuracy in former
drawings of the species, I had the specimen suspended and drawn
with great care by Mr. Edward Eorbes. This position explained
the mechanism of the mouth, showing its great size, even in the
short Balsena Whales ; its great capacity in the Mysticetus had
never been doubted.

As to the species, the conclusion I arrived at was, that the
specimen belonged to that termed by Fabricius rostrata, and
that individuals of the species had been seen by John Hunter,
Sir James Watson, and Fabricius.

Measurements. f^ in.

Total length of the specimen 9 11

Circumference immediately behind the pectoral

extremities 5 2

Circumference where the folds or rugae terminated 4 8^^

Ditto of the tail at its origin 1 6^

Length from the back fin to the setting on of the

tail 2 10

„ from the snout to the ear 3

„ from snout to nostrils 1 4

„ of lower jaw 2 3

„ of arm ; inner side 1 3

„ from the angle of the mouth to the arm. . 1 3

„ from snout to arm 2 9

„ of tail in depth 11

„ of back fin at the base 8

Height of back fin 8|

From top to tip of tail 2 8^

Stomach : — 1st compartment, in length 1 2

2nd „ „ 14

3rd „ „ 8

4th „ „ 7

5th „ „ . 3

Spleen weighed 4 ounces ; its length was 5

Liver, 9 lbs.

Small intestines, length 20

72 KNOX ON THE CETACEA.

ft. in.

Iiarge „ „ 2 4

Kidney, weight 2^ lbs.

Brain (including 2 inches of spinal marrow), S^ lbs.
Cerebellum, pons, and 2 inches of spinal marrow, f lb.
G-reat hemisphere of the brain measured 3 inches in
length, in breadth, 6-|- ; at the base, 8 inches.

Tuber annulare If

Olfactory nerves, in length 1-^

Ditto, breadth 2^

Skeleton : — Length of cranium 2 11

Grreatest breadth between the orbits . 1 3
Length of vertebral column 7 8

When we compare the skeleton of this Eorqual with the
Grigantic Eorqual I also dissected, we find as follows : —

i2. giganteus, R. minor.

Cervical .... vertebrae 7 vertebrae 7

Dorsal 15 11

Lumbar, sacral, caudal 43 30

65 48

These differences must be specific.

At the extremity of the snout in either jaw there were 8 strong
bristles, being the only vestiges of hair found on the external
surface. The mouth was of great size ; the tongue large and
tolerably free, and of a pale rose or vermilion colour. The baleen,
where deepest, measured about 4 inches ; there were* 370 plates
on each side ; but anteriorly and posteriorly these plates w^ere re-
duced to mere bristles.

The isthmus faucium allowed the closed hand to pass through
it ; through this isthmus I do not believe that any water ever
passes into the pharynx, unless it be accidentally, as in man.
The "spout" of the Whalebone Whale is composed, no doubt, of
the pulmonary vapour, and not of any water received into the
pharynx from the mouth.

The stomach seemed composed of five compartments externally,
but presented only four when laid open, the fifth being manifestly
the duodenum. In the intestines no remains of food were found,
but abundance of intestinal worms, and a substance strongly re-
sembling the human meconium. There was an ilio-csecal valve as

KNOX ON THE CETACEA. 73

distinct as in man. In the rectum the folds of the mucous mem-
brane were transverse.

Organs of Hespiration. — The external nostrils were double ; and
the cavities of the nostrils provided with the remarkable carti-
lages and muscular apparatus I discovered and described in the
anatomy of the Grreat Eorqual. In this specimen they were about
4 inches in length, but of as many feet in the large Eorqual. The
mode of breathing in the Eorquals does not differ much from that
in man, with the exception of the apparatus of the protruding
cartilages, which in man are rudimentary.

The Olfactory Nerves were quite as large as in other mammals ;
and in this respect the Balaena "Whales are quite unlike the Dol-
phins *.

The trachea communicated, near its upper part, with a sac or
pouch; the lungs were each composed of a single lobe. The
rings of the trachea were mostly deficient anteriorly. In the
heart the foetal arrangements had wholly disappeared. The dura
mater seemed divisible into three layers, the external being vas-
cular. A remarkable vascular substance connected with this layer
covers the back part of the brain and cerebellum, extending into
the spinal canal, and even into the chest. At the base of the
brain the vascular plexus was about 2 inches in thickness. It is,
as is well known, a sort of erectile tissue, of whose functions
we are wholly ignorant. It is not confined to this course, but
extends to the neck, and, passing through the foramina inter-
vertebralia, fills the intercostal spaces exterior to the pleura.

There was evidently a canal in the centre of the spinal marrow.
Wherever the nerves of the lungs and stomach were traced, they
terminated in loops. "We did not observe in the Grreat Eorqual
any tracheal pouch like that in the smaller ; but it may have
escaped notice: if absent in the Grreat Eorqual, it would be
another proof of the distinctness of the species.

The doubts raised by M. St. Hilaire, as to the Whale being a
mammal in the true sense of the term, were set aside long ago by
an appeal to facts. The young of the Whale tribe suckle like
the young of all mammals ; nevertheless I showed, in 1834, that

* In his paper " On the Structure of Whales " (PhH. Trans. 1787), Hunter
remarks that the organ of smell " is peculiar to the large and small Whalebone
Whales." He further remarks, that, " in those that have olfactory nerves, the
lateral ventricles are not continued into tliem as in many quadrupeds ;" and
he notices " the want of the olfactory nerves in the genus of the Porpoise." —
' Anim. Economy,' Pahner's edit. pp. 372, 373, 376.

74 KNOX ON THE CETA.CEA.

the lactiferous glands in the Balanoptercd differ in structure from
the same organs in most mammals.

I do not find in my notes anything to add to the description of
the Great Eorqual already published in the ' Transactions of the
Eoyal Society of Edinburgh' for 1827, to which I beg leave to
refer the reader.

A single remark must be added regarding the nature of the
vascular plexus which, in the Cetacea, surrounds the spinal marrow,
and extends into the chest. On selecting the artery which seemed
to form the plexus, which was, if I rightly recollect, in this instance
an intercostal artery, and dissecting it under water, I found, to my
surprise, that the artery, so long as I followed it, never gave off
any branches, but continued of the same calibre throughout,
making innumerable flexuosities or turnings. Thus, on a plexi-
form mass of this kind being cut across, the first impression is,
that a great number of arterial branches or arteries have been
divided, whilst in fact the entire plexus seems to be formed of one
artery.

As was to be expected of animals so much withdrawn from
human observation, there is but little to say on the natural history
of the Cetacea properly so called. Their food, no doubt, is va-
rious, and seems to have little or no relation to the character of
their dentition. The enormous Cachalot, with its vast teeth im-
planted only in one jaw, is generally understood to prey chiefly on
the Cuttlefish. The food of the true Whale, or Mysticetiis, is well
known to be the Clio and other smaller Mollusca, with which
certain regions of the ocean abound; the same, or similar, is
probably the food of the more active and restless Eorquals, found
in both hemispheres. The Dolphins, or Toothed Whales, generally
prey, no doubt, on fishes of various kinds ; yet, even as regards
these, it has been proved by my esteemed friend, the late
Mr. Henry Goodsir, that some of the largest, following in the
wake of the herring shoals, prey not on these, but on the various
microscopic food (the Entomostraca and other marine animals)
which I was the first to prove to be the natural food of many ex-
cellent gregarious freshwater fish, as the Vendace, Early Loch
Leven Trout, the Brown Trout of the Highland and Scottish lakes
generally, and of the Herring itself*. It is scarcely necessary to
add, that the complex apparatus connected with the exterior

* See Memoirs in the ' Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh '
for 1832.

KNOX ON THE CETACEA. 75

nostrils of the Dolphins is wholly wanting in the Balsena "Whales, —
a fact of which M. Cuvier was not aware when he wrote his cele-
brated Treatise on Comparative Anatomy.

Appendioc. — Since writing the above, I have received an answer
to a letter I addressed to my friend, John Groodsir, Esq., Professor
of Anatomy in the University of Edinburgh. The request con-
tained in my letter to Mr. Groodsir was, to examine for me the
skeleton of a foetal Mysticetus now in the University Museum.
The foetus from which this skeleton was prepared was removed
from the uterus of the mother, killed in the North Seas by the
seamen of a whaling ship, by one of my former students, Mr. E.
Auld, who presented the specimen to me. The point at issue was
the composition of the cervical vertebrae in the true or Greenland
"Whale, the Balcena Mysticetus. M. Yan Beneden, to whose
memoir I have referred in the commencement of this, says, on the
authority of Eschricht, that at no age whatever do we find in true
Whales (meaning, I presume, the Mysticetus horealis and australis)
any distinct vertebrae in the cervical region, as in other mam-
mals. A fusion of all into one bone or cartilage seems to take
place even in the youngest foetus. Now, I had enjoyed the rare
opportunity of dissecting the foetus of the Mysticetus, and I knew
that the skeleton, prepared with the greatest care, was still pre-
served in the Museum of the University of Edinburgh. I wrote
to Mr. Goodsir to re-examine this point for me, for I did not find
in my notes any confirmation of the observations of Eschricht.
Mr. Goodsir' s reply to my note is as follows : —

" University, Edinburgh,
" My dear Sib, ^^P*- ^0' 1857.

" In the skeleton of the foetal Mysticetus now in the University
Museum, the bodies of the axis and atlas have shrivelled up toge-
ther, having evidently consisted of cartilage only ; but the bodies of
the five posterior cervical vertebrae are beautifully distinct, having
well-formed osseous centres, which give them more of the con-
figuration of the succeeding vertebral bodies than they present
in their compressed form in the adult.

" The neural arches in the cervical region of this skeleton are
five in number ; the two anterior, which are distinctly those of
the atlas and axis, have an osseous nodule on each side, where the
transverse processes pass off". The third arch belongs to the third
vertebra, the fourth and fifth to the sixth and seventh. These
three arches are cartilaginous, and present no osseous centres. It

76 BA.IKIE ON NATURAL HISTORY Or WEST COAST OF APBICA.

is impossible to determine from the preparation whether the
arches of the fourth and fifth vertebrae had been cut away in dis-
secting the parts, or whether they have shrivelled up in drying ;
but as the skeleton was very carefully prepared, .and as these two
arches are deficient (at least laterally) in the adult Mysticetus, I
presume that the cartilaginous matrices were at least extremely
delicate in the foetus.

" I believe I have stated all the facts, afforded by this skeleton,
which bear upon your questions. They appear to me to afford no
support to the views to which they refer.

" Yours very sincerely,
(Signed) " John Goodsie."

The conclusion I arrived at is this, — that the actual number of
cervical vertebrae in the Mysticetus is, as in most other mammals,
seven, and that, notwithstanding their earlier fusion, they are ori-
ginally quite distinct.

Extract of a Letter from Dr. Baikie to Sir John Eichaedson,
M.D., C.B.., r.E.&L.S., dated 29th October, 1857, Eabba,
on the Qworra.

[Eead January 21st, 1858.]

" In natural history my collection is advancing, especially in
skins and skeletons of birds. I am collecting skulls of all the
domesticated animals, and skeletons of the sheep and goats. I
have got a few fish, including a prettily-marked Diodon ovTetraodon,
probably new, and a Myletes which I did not meet with formerly.
The Siluridce are the most abundant fishes ; and one species closely
resembles the HypophtJialmus, figured by EiippeU in his ' Fishes
of the Nile and Eed Sea.' I have not met with another JPolypterus.
I shall get a Lepidosiren in the river, and have heard of an
electrical fish, I believe a Malopteruris, such as I formerly found.
I enclose two scales of a fish which is said to grow to the length
of 5 feet, but of which I have specimens half that size only, — also
a sketch of a curious fish 2^ feet, which I put into spirits ; it has
neither ventral nor anal fins, a very peculiar caudal, and a slender
head, while the dorsal extends along the whole back ; eyes very
small; teeth numerous and hard, but not sharp." He adds, in a
postscript, that he had got the Lepidosiren. He had collected

WALLACE ON DIPTERA OF AEU ISLANDS. 77

700 species of plants, and numerous fine fruits, which he says
" will rejoice Sir William Hooker's heart."

Dr. Baikie's postscript, however, mentions that his vessel had
been wrecked ahout twelve miles above Lagos, and that she sunk
in a few minutes after she struck. He does not say what was
the fate of his collections, but states that all the party had fever
from fatigue and sleeping in swamps after the wreck. — J. E.

Catalogue of the Dipterous Insects collected in the Aru Islands
by Mr. A. E. Wallace, with Descriptions of New Species.
By Feancis Walkeb.

Artj Island.

Fam. MYCETOPHILID^, Raliday.

Q-en. SciAEA, Meigen.

Div. A. a., Meig. vi. 305.

1. SciARA SELECTA, D. s. Mus. Nigra, cinereo-tomentosa, antennis
sat validis, pedibus piceis, ahs cinereis, venis costalibus crassis.

Male. Black, with cinereous tomentum; antennae rather stout; legs
piceous ; wings greyish ; veins black ; radial and cubital veins thick ;
radial vein extending to the fork of the subapical. Length of the
body If line; of the wings 4 lines.

Fam. BIBIONID^, Haliday.
G^en. Pleolal, Hoffmansegg.

2. Plecia dorsalis. Walk. See Vol. L p. 5.

Fam. CULICIDiE, Haliday.

3. CuLEX scuTELLARis, n. s. Mas. Nigro-fuseus, capite thoraeeque
argenteo trivittatis, scutello rufescente ; abdominis segmentis argenteo
faseiatis, genubus et tarsorum posticorum fasciis niveis ; alis subcine-
reis, venis nigris ciliatis.

Male. Blackish brown. Head and thorax with three silvery stripes,
the middle one very distinct ; scutellum reddish ; pectus with silvery
gloss ; abdomen with silvery bands, which are narrow above, broad
beneath ; femora pale towards the base ; knees snow-white ; hind
tarsi with 5 broad snow-white bands ; middle tarsi with the first and
second joints white at the base ; wings slightly greyish ; veins black,
fringed. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

78 WALLACE ON DIPTERA OF ARU ISLANDS.

Fam. TIPULID^.

Q-en. Megistoceea, Wied.

4. Megistocera tuscana, Wied. Auss. Zweifl. 1. 55. 1.
Inhabits also Java.

Gren. GrYNOPLiSTiA, Westw.

6. Gynoplistia jurgiosa, n. s. Mas. et Fam. Nigra, capite rufes-
cente, alis cinereis, plagis costalibus nigro-fuscis. — Mas. Abdomine
ochraceo, apice nigro, femoribus basi testaceis. — Foem. Abdomine atro
fasciis albidis apice luteo.

Male and Female. Black. Head reddish ; antennae testaceous at the
base ; thorax testaceous in front ; wings greyish, blackish-brown
along the costa, and with three subcostal blackish -brown patches, the
third continued along the veins towards the hind border. Male.
Abdomen ochraceous, black at the tip; femora testaceous at the

. base ; halteres testaceous. Female. Abdomen deep black, with
whitish bands on the sutures ; tip luteous. Length of the body 5-6
lines ; of the wings 9-10 lines.

Fam. STEATIOMID^, Haliday.
Gen. Ptilocera, Wied.

6. Ptilocera quadridentata. See Vol. I. p. 7.

7. Massicyta inflata, n. s. Fcem. Nigra, capite viridi maculis nigris,
antennis basi ferrugineis, pectoris callis duobus scutelloque testaceis,
abdomine basi sordide albido lineis tribus nigris, fasciis duabus cano-
tomentosis, segmentis tertio quartoque apice ferrugineis, tibiis basi
tarsisque albidis, alis subcinereis fusco marginatis, stigmate nigri-
cante, halteribus testaceis.

Female. Black. Head dull green, with several black spots; mouth
testaceous ; antennae dark ferruginous towards the base ; two pec-
toral calli and the scutellum testaceous ; abdomen at the base dingy-
whitish and semihyaline, and with three black lines ; third and fourth
segments with hoary bands, their hind borders ferruginous ; tibiae
towards the base, and tarsi, whitish ; hind tibiae with the two colours
most .distinctly marked ; wings grey, with broad brownish borders ;
stigma blackish ; veins black ; halteres testaceous. Length of the
body 6 lines; of the wings 11 lines.

8. Massicyta cerioi'des, n. s. Foim. Nigra, capite testaceo maculis
nigris, antennis basi ferrugineis, pectoris callis duobus, thoracis vittis
duabus interruptis, sciitello abdominisque fasciis tribus viridibus,
segment© abdominali secundo maculis duabus testaceis, tarsis albis,
alis nigricanti-fuscis, lialteribus viridibus.

WALKEE ON DIPTEEA OF ARU ISLANDS. 79

Female. Black. Head testaceous, with some black spots on the vertex.
Antennae dark ferruginous towards the base. An interrupted stripe
on each side of the thorax, two pectoral calli, the scutellum, and the
hind borders of the second, third, and fourth abdominal segments
green. Abdomen testaceous at the base beneath ; first band inter-
rupted, having before it two testaceous spots. Knees lurid ; tarsi
white. Wings blackish brown; stigma and veins black; halteres
apple-green. Length of the body 5-6 lines; of the wings 10-12
lines.

G-en. Salduba, n. g,

Male. Corpus angustum, sublineare. Caput transversum; vertex an-
gustus. Oculi magni. Antennce capite transverse valde longiores;
articuli primo ad septimum breves ; flagellum longum, lanceolatum,
subarcuatum. TAoraa? longus, subcompressus ; scutellum inerme. Ab-
domen planum, thorace pauUo longius. Pedes graciles ; postici longi.
Alee angustae.

Male. Body narrow, nearly linear. Head slightly transverse, nearly as
broad as the thorax ; vertex narrow. Eyes large. Antennae shorter
than the thorax ; joints from the first to the seventh short ; flagelluni
long, lanceolate, slightly curved. Thorax long, slightly increasing in
breadth from the head to the base of the wings. Abdomen nearly flat
and linear, a little longer than the thorax. Legs slender; hind pair
long. Wings narrow ; veins complete, distinctly marked ; first cubital
areolet rather short, divided from the second by the oblique first cubi-
tal rim ; discal areolet large, hexagonal ; subanal and anal veins
united at some distance from the border.

9. Salduba diphysoides, n. s., Mas. Nigra, ore flavo, thorace vittis
quatuor subauratis, abdominis apice cinereo, pedibus albidis, femoribus
posticis apices versus tibiisque posticis nigris, alis cinereis, venis
stigmateque nigris, halteribus testaceis.

Male. Black. Mouth yellow ; thorax with four stripes of slightly gilded
tomentum ; tip of the abdomen with cinereous tomentum ; legs
whitish, hind femora towards the tips and hind tibiae black ; wings
greyish, veins and stigma black; halteres testaceous. Length of
the body 4^ lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

Gen. Stratiomts.

10. Stratiomys confertissima, n. s. Fam. Nigra, subtus ferru-
ginea, capite fulvo, antennis basi fulvis, thorace vittis quatuor sub-
auratis, scutelli margine fulvo, ventre piceo basi testaceo, pedibus
fulvis nigro fasciatis ; alis subcinereis, venis stigmateque nigris, hal-
teribus testaceis.

Female. Black, ferruginous beneath. Head, antennae at the base,
border of the scutellum, and legs tawny ; antennae a little shorter
than the breadth of the head; thorax with four slightly gilded

LINN. PROC. — ZOOLO&T. 6

60 WALKER OF DIPTEEA OF ABTJ ISLANDS.

stripes ; abdomen beneath pieeous, testaceous at the base ; femora
and tibiae with broad black bands ; wings greyish, stigma and veins
black ; halteres testaceous. Length of the b^dy 4 lines ; of the
wings 72 lines.

11. Stratiomys nexura, U.S. Mas et Foem. Nigra, antennis basi
fulvis, capite transverso brevioribus, abdominis lateribus, ventre,
tibiis, tarsis halteribusque fulvis, alis limpidis, venis testaceis. Mas.
Thorace atro piloso. Foem. Thorace nigro-aeneo angustiore.

Male and female. Black. Head rather prominent ; antennae tawny
towards the base, shorter than the breadth of the head ; spines of
the scutellum, abdomen beneath, tibiae, tarsi, and halteres tawny ;
wings limpid, veins testaceous. Male. Thorax deep black, pilose;
abdomen tawny along each side. Female. Head shining; thorax
aeneous black, narrower than that of the male ; abdomen with the
tawny stripes much narrower than those of the male. Length of the
body 3| lines ; of the wings 6^ lines.

Gren. Clitellaeia, Meigen.

12. Clitellaria bivittata, Fahr. See Vol. I. p. 7.

Gen. Gabaza, n. g.

Fcem. Corpus breve, latum. Caput transversum, thorace paullo an-
gustius ; facies valde obliqua. AntenncB capite transverso breviores ;
articuU breves, transversi ; arista longa, gracihs, filiformis. Scutellum
promiuens, spinis duabus minutis. Abdomen transversum, thorace
multo latius. Pedes graciles, breviusculi. Alee sat angustae; venae
tenues.

Female. Body short, broad. Head transverse, a little narrower than the
thorax ; face very oblique. Antennae shorter than the breadth of the
head ; joints short, transverse ; arista slender, filiform, longer than
the preceding part, which is lanceolate. Scutellum prominent, armed
with two minute spines. Abdomen transverse, much broader than
the thorax. Legs slender, somewhat short. Wings rather narrow ;
veins feeble, in structure like those of Stratiomys.

13. Gabaza argentea, n. s. Foim. Nigra, antennis fulvis, arista
alba, thorace abdomineque argenteo-tomentosis, tarsis albido-testa-
ceis, ahs limpidis, venis pallidis.

Female. Coal-black. Antennae tawny, arista white; thorax and ab-
domen with bright silvery tomentum; tarsi whitish testaceous;
wings limpid, veins pale. Length of the body 2 lines ; of the wings
3^ lines.

Gen. Saegus, Fabr.

14. Sargus metallinus, Fabr. See Vol. I. p. 1 10.

WALKEB ON DIPTERA OF AKU ISLANDS. 81

15. Sargus complens, n. s. Fcem. Rufescente-fulvus, capitis vertice
nigrO;, antennis testaceis, abdomine fasciis latis abbreviatis piceis,
tarsis posticis basi tibiisque posticis nigris, alis cinereis, basi sub-
luridis, apud costam exteriorem nigro-fuscis.

Female, Reddish tawny. Head black above, testaceous beneath ; an-
tennae testaceous; abdomen with four broad abbreviated piceous
bands; legs tawny, hind tibiae black with a tawny apical mark,
hind tarsi black towards the base ; wings greyish, slightly lurid towards
the base, blackish-brown about the exterior part of the costa, veins
black, tawny towards the base ; halteres testaceous, tawny towards
the tips. Length of the body 6 lines ; of the wings 14 lines.

16. Sargus rogans, n. s. Mas et Fcem. Capitis vertice nigro, an-
tennis pedibusque testaceis, tibiis tarsisque posticis nigris, alis sub-
cinereis apice obscurioribus. Mas. Luteo-testaceus. Fcem. Ferru-
gineus.

Male and Female. Head black above ; antennae and legs testaceous ;
hind tibiae and hind tarsi black ; wings greyish, darker towards their
tips ; veins black, tawny towards the base. Male. Lutescent testa-
ceous. Female. Ferruginous ; wings darker than those of the male.
Length of the body 6 lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

G-en. Nebua, n. g.

Foem. Corpus longiusculum, sublineare. Caput transversum, thorace
non latins. Antennce breves ; aiticulus tertius rotundus ; arista api-
calis, longa, tenuis, setiformis. Thorax productus. Scutellum spinis
quatuor longiusculis. Abdomen depressum, sublineare, thorace vix
latins, non longius. Pedes graciles, non longi. Ake angustae ; venae
bene determinatae.

Female. Body rather long, nearly linear. Head transverse, not broader
than the thorax. Antennae short ; third joint round ; arista apical,
long, slender, setiform. Thorax long. Abdomen flat, thin, nearly
linear, hardly broader and not longer than the thorax. Legs slender,
not long. Wings narrow ; veins distinctly marked, in structure like
those of Clitellaria.
This genus may be distinguished from Culcua by the shape of the
abdomen.

17. Nerua scENOPiNoiDES, u. s. F(£m. Atra, nitens, antennis fulvis,
scutelli spinis pedibusque albis, alis nigrocinereis, postice pallidiori-
bus, venis nigris, halteribus testaceis.

Female. Coal-black, shining ; antennae tawny ; thorax slightly to-
mentose ; spines of the scutellum and legs white ; wings blackish
grey, paler towards the hind border, veins black; halteres testa-
ceous. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 5 hnes.

6*

82 WALKER ON DIPTERA OF ARU ISLANDS.

Gen. Adraga, n. g.

Mas. Corpus sublineare. Caput thorace non latius. Oculi connexi.
Antenna brevissimae j articulus tertius rotundus ; arista apicalis, gra-
cilis, setiformis. Thorax sutura transversa bene determinata. Scu-
tellum prominens, trigonum, marginatum. Abdomen thorace paullo
brevius, non latius. Pedes breviusculi, validi, non dilatati. AI(B
mediocres.

Male. Body nearly linear, rather thick. Head not broader than the
thorax. Eyes connected. Antennae very short ; third joint round;
arista apical, long, slender, setiform. Thorax with the transverse
suture very distinct. Scutellum prominent, triangular, with a border.
Abdomen a little shorter and not broader than the thorax. Legs stout,
rather short, not dilated. Wings moderately broad; veins in structure
like those of Clitellaria.

18. Adraga univitta, n. s. Mas. Nigra, subtilissime punctata, an-
tennis piceis, thorace vitta cinerea, tarsis posterioribus albis, alis
nigricantibus.

Male. Coal-black, hardly shining ; antennae piceous ; thorax and abdo-
men very minutely punctured; thorax with a stripe of cinereous
tomentum; posterior tarsi white; wings blackish, veins black.
Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

Gen. Obrapa, n. g.

F(£m. Corpus breve, latum, crassum, convexum. Caput transversum,
thorace angustius. Antennae breves; articulus tertius rotundus;
arista apicalis, gracilis, setiformis. Thorax sutura transversa bene
determinata. Abdomen transversum, thorace paullo latius, valde bre-
vius. Pedes breviusculi, validi ; antici subdilatati. Alee mediocres.

Female. Body short, broad, thick, convex. Head transverse, narrower
than the thorax. Antennae short ; third joint round ; arista apical,
slender, setiform. Thorax with the transverse suture very distinct.
Scutellum large, prominent, with a marginal suture. Abdomen trans-
verse, a little broader than the thorax, and not more than half its
length. Legs stout, rather short, the fore pair slightly dilated.
Wings moderately broad, veins rather irregular ; discal areolet large,
quadrilateral ; externomedial veins, subanal vein, and anal vein very
slight ; subanal vein and anal vein united at some distance from the
border.

1.9. Obrapa perilampoides, n. s. Foem. Atra, nitens, subtilissime
punctata, capite glabro, antennis piceis, tarsis posterioribus albidis,
alis limpidis, venis albidis basi nigris, halteribus niveis.

Female. Deep black, shining, very minutely punctured ; head smooth ;
antennae piceous; posterior tarsi whitish, with black tips; wings
limpid, veins whitish, black towards the base ; halteres snow-white.
Length of the body 2^ lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

WALKEE ON DIPTEEA OF AEU ISLANDS. 83

20. Obrapa CELYPHoiDES, n. s. Foem. Atra, nitens, subtilissirae
punctata, capite glabro, antennis piceis, tarsis albidis, alls nigro-cine-
reis, venis nigris, halteribus niveis.

Female. Deep black, very minutely punctured. Head smooth ; antennae
piceous; tarsi whitish; wings blackish cinereous, veins black; hal-
teres snow-white. Length of the body 2 lines ; of the wings 4 hues.

Earn. TABAISTID^, Leach.
G-en. Tabanus, Idnn.

21. Tabanus recusans, n. s. Fosm. Piceus, cinereo-subtomentosus,
callo nigro angusto, antennis rufis apice nigris, humeris rufescentibus,
abdomine basi glaucescente, tibiis obscure ferrugineis, alis nigro-fuscis,
apice margineque postico cinereis.

Female. Piceous, slightly covered with cinereous tomentum. Callus
of the head black, long, slender, entire ; antennae red, black towards
the tips, angle of the third joint very small; thorax reddish on each
side in front of the forewings ; abdomen with glaucous tomentum
towards the base; tibiae mostly dark ferruginous; wings blackish-
brown, cinereous towards the tips and along the hind border ; veins
black ; forebranch of the cubital vein simple, very slightly undulating,
its tip, like that of the radial vein, clouded with blackish -brown.
Length of the body 6^ lines; of the wings 12 lines.

Earn. ASILID^, Leach.

Subfam. Dastpogonites, . Walk.

Gren. Dastpogon, Fabr.

22. Dasypogon inopinus, n. s. Fcem. Piceus, facie aurata, mystace
parvo albo, antennis ferrugineis, apices versus nigris, capite transverse
longioribus, articulo tertio lineari, pectore fasciis tribus canis, abdo-
minis segmentis ferrugineo fasciatis, alis luridis, apud costam nigro-
fuscis, halteribus testaceis.

Female. Piceous. Face flat, brightly gilded ; epistoma not prominent ;
mystax with a few white bristles ; mouth black ; antennae ferruginous,
black towards the tips, longer than the breadth of the head ; third
joint linear, longer than the first and the second together; pectus
with three hoary bands ; abdomen subclavate, nearly twice the length
of the thorax ; a ferruginous band on the hind border of each seg-
ment ; legs mostly ferruginous ; wings lurid, blackish-brown towards
the costa, veins black; halteres testaceous. Length of the body
8 lines ; of the wings 14 lines.

23. Dasypogon honestus, n. s. Luteseente-fulvus, capite, antennis,
pedibus alisque nigris, thorace vitta schistacea nigro marginata vit-

84 WALKEE ON DIPTEEA OF ARU ISLANDS.

tisque duabus lateralibus cinereis, pectore postico nigro, abdomine

?, tibiis tarsisque posticis fulvis.

Luteous-tawny. Head, anteimse, hind part of the pectus, and legs black,
shining ; mystax with very few bristles ; antennae almost as long as the
breadth of the head, third joint long, slender, linear ; thorax with a
slate-coloured blackish-bordered stripe, a short slate-coloured stripe
on each side ; abdomen wanting ; hind tibiae and tarsi tawny ; wings
blackish, veins black. Length of the body 4? lines; of the wings
7 lines.

Subfam. Laphrites, Walk.
Gen. Lapheia, Fahr.

24. Laphria scapularis, Wied. Auss. Zweijl. 1. 516. 29.
Inhabits also Java.

25. Laphria aurifacies, Macq. See Vol. I. p. 10.

26. Laphria gloriosa, n. s. Mas et Fcem. Aurata, capite pec-
toreque albis, abdomine purpureo, guttis lateralibus albis, basi viridi,
lateribus pedibusque cyaneis, alis fuscis basi cinereis, halteribus
testaceis.

Male and Female. Head and pectus with white tomentum and hairs ;
mystax with a few black bristles ; mouth and antennae black ; third
joint of the latter linear, conical at the tip, longer than the first and
the second together ; thorax with cupreous-gilded tomentum ; abdo-
men purple, green at the base, blue and with a row of white dots
along each side ; legs blue ; wings brown, cinereous towards the base,
veins black ; halteres testaceous. Male. Legs very thick and pilose.
Length of the body 9 lines; of the wings 16 lines.

27. Laphria socia, n. s. Fam. Cyaneo-viridis, capite aurato, an-
tennarum articulo tertio longissimo subfusiformi, thoracis tomento
subaurato, vitta media nuda, pectore argenteo, abdomine purpureo-
cyaneo basi viridi maculis lateralibus argenteis, alis nigro-cinereis basi
cinereis.

Female. Bluish-green. Head brightly gilded, hind part silvery; mystax
with six long black bristles; third joint of the antennae very elongate
subfusiform ; thorax with slightly gilded tomentum, excepting a broad
bare middle stripe; pectus with silvery tomentum ; abdomen purplish-
blue, green towards the base, with spots of silvery tomentum along
each side ; hind borders of the ventral segments white ; wings grey,
blackish-grey for almost half the length from the tips and along three-
fourths of the length of the hind border, veins black ; halteres ferru-
ginous. Length of the body 8^ lines; of the wings 16 lines.

28. Laphria consobrtna, n. s. Fam. Purpurea, capite aurato, pec-
tore argenteo, abdomine viridi-cyaneo, maculis lateralibus argenteis,
alis nigricantibus basi cinereis.

WALKEE ON DIPTERA OF ABU ISLANDS. 85

Female. Purple. Head brightly gilded, hind part silvery, underside
with white hairs ; mystax with six long black bristles ; pectus with
sijvery tomentum ; abdomen greenish blue, with spots of silvery to-
mentum along each side ; hind borders of the ventral segments white ;
wings slightly grey, blackish for full half the length from the tips and
along full three-fourths of the length of the hind border, veins black ;
halteres ferruginous, with black tips. Length of the body 7f luies ;
of the wings 14 lines.

This species much resembles L. socia, but may be distinguished by
the difference of colour, and more especially by the more undulating
first branch vein, by the much less oblique third externo-medial vein,
and by the subanal vein, which is united to the anal vein much nearer
the border.

29. Laphria sodalis, n. s. Mas. Cyanea, capite aurato, antenna-
rum articulo tertio fusiformi, thoracis lateribus purpureo-viridibus,
pectore ventreque argenteis, abdomine maculis lateralibus argenteis,
alis cinereis, apice posticeque nigricantibus.

Male. Blue. Head brightly gilded, vertex and hind part silvery, un-
derside with white hairs ; mystax with four long black bristles, and
with several gilded bristles; third joint of the antennae elongate-
fusiform ; sides of the thorax varied with green and purple ; abdomen
with spots of silvery tomentum along each side, underside and pectus
silvery ; wings grey, black towards the tips and along half the length
of the hind border ; halteres white. Length of the body 7 lines ; of
the wings 13 lines.

The veins of this species are hardly different from those of L. conso-
brina in structure, excepting the third externo-medial, which is united
to the fourth nearer the border.

30. Laphria comes, n. s. Mas et FcBm. Viridi-cyanea, capite aurato,
antennarum articulo tertio fusiformi, pectore ventrisque lateribus
argenteis, abdomine viridi (mas) aut purpureo-cyaneo (fcem.) maculis
lateralibus argenteis, alis nigricantibus basi cinereis.

Male and Female. Greenish blue. Head brightly gilded, hind part
silvery; mystax with six long black bristles; third joint of the an-
tennae elongate-fusiform ; pectus with silvery tomentum ; abdomen
green in the male, purplish-blue in the female, with silvery spots along
each side, underside with two silvery stripes; wings blackish, grey
at the base and along the costa for more than one-third of the length,
veins and halteres black. Length of the body 6-6^ lines; of the
wings 11-12 lines.

This may be only a small variety of L. consobrina ; but the wings are
not darker towards the costa as in that species, and the first branch-
vein is much more straight.

31. Laphria consors, n. s. Mas et Fasm. Viridis (mas) aut cyanea
(fcem.), capite aurato, antennarum articulo tertio brevifusiformi, pectore

86 WALKER OK DIPTERA. OF ARU ISLANDS.

argenteo, abdoraiue seneo-viridi (mas) aut cyaneo-purpureo (foem.)
maculis lateralibus argenteis, alls nigricantibus, basi cinereis.

Male and Female. Green (male) or blue (female). Head gilded, hind
part silvery; mystax with a few black bristles; third joint of the an-
tennae short-fusiform ; pectus silvery ; abdomen seneous-green in the
male, bluish-purple in the female, with silvery spots along each side ;
wings blackish, grey at the base and along the costa for more than
one-third of the length ; veins and halteres black. Length of the
body 4|— 5 lines ; of the wings 8-9 lines.

The straight and not obhque third externo-medial vein distinguishes this
species from all the preceding Laphrice,

32. Laphria germana, n. s. Fosm. Cyanea, facie aurata, antenna-
rum articulo tertio longissime subfusiformi, abdominis maculis late-
ralibus pectoreque argenteis, alis cinereis, basi subcinereis, halteribus
albis.

Female. Blue. Head gilded in front, vertex and hind part silvery;
mystax with six black bristles ; third joint of the antennae very long,
subfusiform ; pectus silvery ; abdomen purplish blue, shorter than in
the preceding species, with silvery spots along each side ; wings grey,
slightly grey towards the base ; halteres white. Length of the body
3-^ lines; of the wings 7 lines.

33. Laphria flagrantissima, n. s. Mas. Rufescente-eervina, capite
aurato, antennis pedibusque rufescentibus, thorace vittis tribus la-
tissimis (lateralibus abbreviatis) pectoreque nigricantibus, alis lutes -
centibus, plaga postica interiore fasciaque latissima exteriore nigri-
cantibus.

Male. Reddish fawn colour. Head gilded; mystax with numerous
gilded bristles ; mouth lanceolate, very stout ; antennae reddish, third
joint long, lanceolate, abruptly acuminated at the tip ; thorax with
three very broad blackish stripes ; disk of the pectus black ; abdomen
with the segments darker towards the base, underside black towards
the tip ; legs reddish, stout ; tarsi with black bands beneath ; wings
somewhat luteous, with a large blackish patch on the hind border
near the base, and with a very broad blackish band near the tip ;
halteres testaceous. Length of the body 11 lines; of the wings
22 lines.

34. Laphria justa, n. s. Mas. Lutea, capite aurato, ore, antennis
apice, thoracis maculis duabus posticis, pectore, abdominis fasciis
latis femoribusque nigris, alis cinereis, apud costam luridis.

Male. Luteous. Head gilded ; mystax with numerous gilded bristles ;
mouth short, black ; antennae reddish tawny, third joint lanceolate,
black except at the base ; thorax with the disk somewhat darker, two
large black spots hindward ; pectus black ; abdomen linear, with a
broad black band on the fore border of each segment ; femora black
above except at the tips, hind femora black also beneath ; wings

WALKER ON DIPTEBA OF ARTJ ISLANDS. 87

greyish, slightly clouded with dark grey, lurid along the costa for
three-fourths of the length ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body
8 lines ; of the wings 14 lines.

35. Laphria manifesta, n. s. Mas et Fcem. Fulva, capite argenteo
(mas) aut pallide aurato (foem.), antennis apice nigris, thoracis disco
et abdominis maculis subtrigonis subseneo-ferrugineis, scutello qua-
drisetoso, alis subcinereis.

Male and Female. Tawny. Head silvery in the male, pale-gilded in
the female; mystax with several slender bristles; mouth lanceo-
late; third joint of the antennae very elongate-subfusiform, black
towards the tip ; disk of the thorax and nearly triangular dorsal spots
of the abdomen ferruginous with a slight aeneous tinge ; pectus tes-
taceous, shghtly silvery; wings slightly greyish ; veins black, testaceous
at the base, where the wings also have a testaceous tinge ; halteres
testaceous. Length of the body 4^5 lines ; of the wings 8-9 lines.

36. Laphria aperta, n. s. Fcem. Testacea, capite subargenteo,
antennis abdominisque apice nigris, alis nigricantibus basi limpidis,
halteribus albidis.

Female. Testaceous. Head with whitish shghtly silvery tomentum;
mystax with very few bristles ; antennae black, third joint long, linear,
conical at the tip ; thorax with a very indistinct darker stripe ; abdo-
men black towards the tip ; wings blackish, limpid towards the base ;
veins black, testaceous at the base ,- halteres whitish. Length of the
body 4 lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

37. Laphria declarata, n. s. Mas. Fulva, capite albo, facie ar-
gentea micante, antennis tibiisque posticis nigris, thorace atro, alis
cinereis, venis nigris, halteribus testaceis.

Male. Tawny, slender. Head white, face brilliant silvery; mystax
with four bristles ; mouth black, short, slender ; eyes flat in front ; an-
tennae black, almost as long as the breadth of the head ; third joint long,
slender, lanceolate ; thorax deep black ; scutellum reddish tawny ; hind
tibiae black, with tawny tips ; wings greyish, veins black ; discal veinlet
and third externomedial vein forming one straight line, as in the genus
Atomosia ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 3 1 lines ; of the
wings 6 lines^

Subfam. ASILITES, Walk.
Gen. Trupanea, Macq.

38. Trupanea contradicens, n. s. Mas et Fcem. Nigricans, cine-
reo-subtomentosa, thoracis vittis pectoreque cano-tomentosis, pedibus
nigris, tibiis rufis apice nigris, alis fusco-cinereis, areola radiali schista-
ceo vittata. Mas. Capite subaurato, barba testaceo-albida, abdominis
segmentis lutescente marginatis. Fcem. Capite barbaque albidis, ab-
domine stylato, segmentis cano marginatis.

Male and Female. Blackish. Antennae and legs black ; thorax slightly

8^ WALKER ON DIPTEEA OF AEU ISLANDS.

covered with cinereous tomentum ; stripes, pectus, and underside of
the abdomen hoary ; tibiae red, with black tips ; wings brownish grey ;
radial areolet with a slate-coloured stripe. Male. Head slightly
gilded ; mystax with a few black bristles and many gilded bristles ;
beard testaceous- whitish ; sides of the abdomen and hind borders of
the segments lutescent. Female. Head and beard whitish ; mystax
with many black bristles and a few white bristles ; abdomen with an
apical style, more than one-third of the length of the preceding part,
sides and hind borders of the segments hoary. Length of the body
12-14 lines ; of the wings 14-18 lines,

G-en. AsiLTJS, Idnn.

39. Asilus longistylus, Wied. Auss. Zweifl. 1. 433. 13.
Inhabits also Java.

G-en. OMMATirs, Illiger.

40. Ommatius noctifer, n. s. Mas. Niger, capite aurato, thoracis
incisuris, scutello, pectore, segmentorum abdominalium marginibus
ventreque canis, tibiis fulvis apice nigris, alis cinereis costa apiceque
nigricantibus, halteribus ferrugineis.

Male. Black. Head gilded; mystax with a few black and several
gilded bristles ; sutures of the thorax, scutellum, sides, pectus, hind
borders of the abdominal segments, and underside hoary ; tibiae tawny,
with black tips; wings cinereous, blackish along the costa and to-
wards the tips, veins black; halteres ferruginous. Length of the
body Qt-^^ lines ; of the wings 11-12 lines.

41. Ommatius lucifer, n. s. Mas, JEneo-niger, capite argenteo,
pectore albido, abdominis segmentis ferrugineo marginatis, pedibus
testaceis, femoribus nigro-vittatis, tarsis nigris, alis limpidis apice
nigricantibus costa atra apud medium incrassata, halteribus testaceis.

Male. Bronze-black. Head silvery in front ; mystax with a few black
and a few whitish bristles ; pectus whitish ; hind borders of the ab-
dominal segments ferruginous ; legs testaceous ; femora striped with
black ; tarsi black, ferruginous at the base ; wings limpid, blackish at
the tips ; costa deep black, incrassated in the middle ; halteres testa-
ceous. Length of the body 6 lines ; of the wings 11 lines.

42. Ommatius retrahens, n. s. Fmm. Cinereo-niger, facie argen-
tea, pectore albido, pedibus testaceis, tarsis, femoribus tibiisque apice
femoribusque posticis nigris, alis limpidis apice subcinereis, halte-
ribus testaceis.

Female. Cinereous-black. Head silvery white in front; mystax with
very few white and black bristles ; pectus whitish ; legs testaceous ;
tips of the anterior femora and of the middle tibiae black ; hind femora
and hind tarsi black ; anterior tarsi and hind tibiae black, testaceous
towards the base ; wings limpid, slightly cinereous towards the tips ;

WALKEE ON DIPTEEA OF AEU ISLANDS. 89

veins black ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 4 lines ; of the
wings 7 lines.

Gren. Leptogastee, Meigen.

43. Leptogaster ferrugineus, n.s. Mas. Ferrugineus, pectore albo,
abdomine nigro, segmentorum marginibus ventreque testaceis, pedibus
fulvis, feraoribus apice nigris, tibiis piceo vittatis, tibiis posticis tar-
sisque nigris basi testaceis, alis sublimpidis, halteribus testaceis apice
piceis.

Male. Ferruginous. Head pale, gilded in front, hind side and pectus
white; mouth and antennae tawny, the latter blackish towards the
tips J abdomen black ; hind borders of the segments and under side
testaceous ; legs tawny -, anterior femora with a testaceous band before
the tips, which are black ; hind femora and anterior tibiae striped with
pieeous, the latter black towards the tips ; tarsi and hind tibiae black,
testaceous at the base ; wings very slightly greyish, veins black ;
halteres testaceous, pieeous towards the tips. Length of the body
7 lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

44. Leptogaster longipes, n. s. Mas. Ferrugineus, pectore albido,
abdomine piceo, segmentis apice fulvescentibus, pedibus anterioribus
fulvescentibus, posticis piceis longissimis, femoribus posticis basi tes-
taceis, alis subcinereis basi obscurioribus costa venisque nigris, halte-
ribus testaceis apice nigris.

Male. Ferruginous. Head testaceous in front; mouth and antennae
black ; pectus whitish ; abdomen pieeous, hind borders of the seg-
ments somewhat tawny; legs somewhat tawny; hind legs pieeous,
very long, their femora testaceous at the base ; wings slightly greyish,
darker towards the base, costa and veins black ; halteres testaceous,
with black knobs. Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 8 hues.

45. Leptogaster albimanus, n. s. Mas. Niger, capite antico pec-
toreque albis, antennis basi ferrugineis, abdominis segmentis cano
fasciatis, femoribus, tibiis tarsisque basi albis, femoribus posticis luteo
fasciatis, alis limpidis, halteribus albidis apice piceis.

Male. Black. Head in front and the pectus white ; antennae ferruginous
at the base ; abdomen long, a hoary band on the hind border of each
segment ; femora, tibiae, and tarsi white at the base ; hind legs long,
rather stout ; hind femora with a luteous band ; wings limpid, veins
black; halteres whitish, with pieeous knobs. Length of the body
5 lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

Earn. LEPTID^, Westw.
G-en. Leptis, Fair.

46. Leptis ferruginosa, Wied. See Vol. L p. 118.

Gen. Chetsopila, Macq.

47. Chrysopila vacillans, n. s. Mas et Fcem. Lutescens, capite

90 WALKEE ON DTPTERA OF ARU ISLANDS.

nigro, thorace subvittato, abdominis segmentis nigro fasciatis, alis
sublimpidis apud costam flavescentibus, venis fusco latissime margi-
natis, stigmate nigro-fusco.
Male and Female. Lutescent. Head of the female black, shining;
thorax with two brown bands which are paler and indistinct hind-
ward; abdomen with a broad black band on each segment; tarsi
blackish towards the tips ; wings nearly limpid, yellowish along the
costa, veins exteriorly with very broad brownish borders, stigma
blackish brown. Length of the body 3^ lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

Fam. BOMBYLID^, Leach.

Subfam. Theeevi-tes, Walk.

48. Thereva congrua, n. s. Mas. Nigra, glaucescente albo tomen-
tosa, albo pilosa, capite argenteo, thorace trivittato et bilineato, pedi-
bus nigris, femoribus albis, alis cinereis stigmate elongato venisque
nigris.

Male. Black, with glaucous-white tomentum and with white hairs.
Head silvery in front ; thorax with three blackish brown stripes, the
middle one with a dark stripe on each side, broader and more distinct
than the lateral pair ; abdomen beneath and legs black, femora white ;
wings grey, with an elongated black stigma and black veins ; halteres
black. Length of the body 5 lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

Subfam. Bombtlites, Walk.

G-en. Antheax, Fahr.

49. Anthrax pelops, n. s. Mas. Ferruginea, thoracis margine rufo
piloso, pectore abdomineque nigris, abdomine fasciis duabus, maculis
duabus apicalibus, plagaque ventrali subtrigona argenteis, alis cine-
reis, basi costaque nigris.

Male. Closely allied to A. Tantalus. Dark ferruginous. Head above,
antennae, pectus, abdomen, and legs black ; thorax bordered with red
hairs ; pectus with a silvery dot on each side ; abdomen with red hairs
on each side at the base, with two silvery bands, with two silvery
apical spots, and with a ventral, nearly triangular, silvery patch;
wings cinereous, black at the base and along five-sixths of the length
of the costa, veins and halteres black. Length of the body 8 lines ;
of the wings 18 lines.

60. Anthrax semiscita, Walk. See Vol. I. p. 118.

51. Anthrax degenera. Walk, See Vol. I. p. 15.

Gren. GrEEON, Meigen.

52. Geron simplex, n. s. Mas. Ater, antennis pedibusque nigris,
alis subcinereis, halteribus fulvis.

WALKER ON DIPTERA OF AETJ ISLANDS. 91

Male. Deep black. Eyes bright red ; proboscis a little longer than the
thorax ; antennae and legs black ; wings slightly greyish, veins black ;
halteres tawny. Length of the body 2\ lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

Fam. EMPIDO^, Leach.

Gen. Htbos, Fair.

63. Hybos b I CO lor, n. s. Mas. Fulvus, ore antennisque testaceis,
abdomine, femoribus posticis apice tibiisque anticis piceis, tarsis ante-
rioribus ferrugineis, alis obscure cinereis.

Male. Tawny. Mouth and antennae testaceous j abdomen, hind femora
at the tips, and fore tibiae piceous, anterior tarsi ferruginous ; wings
dark grey, veins black. Length of the body 3i lines ; of the wings
7 lines.

Fam, DOLICHOPID^, Leach.

Gen. PsiLOPTJS, Meigen.

54. Psilopus aeneus, Fahr. Syst. Antl. 268. 9.
Inhabits also Java.

55. Psilopus benedtctus, n. s. Mas et Fcem. Aureo-viridis, facie
pectoreque argenteis, antennis testaceis apice nigris, thorace vittis
tribus cupreis, abdomine fasciis cupreo-purpureis, maculis lateralibus
albidis, pedibus testaceis tibiis posticis tarsisque nigris, alis subcine-
reis, costam versus et apud venas transversas nigrofuscis, halteribus
testaceis. F(Em. Vertice cyaneo-purpureo, abdomine fasciis cyaneis.

Male and Female. Golden green. Face silvery; antennae testaceous,
black towards the tips, arista full as long as the thorax ; thorax with
three cupreous stripes ; pectus silvery ; abdomen with cupreous purple
bands and with whitish spots along each side ; legs testaceous, tarsi
and hind tibiae black ; wings slightly greyish, blackish brown along
the costa and about the transverse veins, veins black, fore branch
of the praebrachial vein curved inward, discal transverse vein undu-
lating ; halteres testaceous. Female. Vertex bluish purple ; abdomen
with blue bands. Length of the body 4-4^ lines; of the wings
7-8 lines.

56. Psilopus lucigena, n. s. Mas. Aureo-viridis, facie pectoreque
argenteis, antennis tarsisque nigris, thorace vittis tribus rufo-cupreis,
abdomine fasciis cupreo-purpureis, femoribus lutescentibus, tibiis
piceis, femoribus anticis apice nigricantibus, ahs nigris apice albis,
halteribus fulvis apice nigris.

Male. Golden green. Face and pectus silvery ; antennae black, arista
longer than the thorax; thorax with three broad reddish cupreous
stripes ; abdomen with broad cupreous purple bands ; femora lutes-
cent, tibiae piceous, fore femora blackish towards the tips, tarsi

92 WALKEE ON DIPTEEA OF AETJ ISLANDS.

black ; wings black, tips snow-white, fore branch of the praebrachial
vein slightly curved inward, discal transverse vein much curved out-
ward ; halteres tawny, with black tips. Length of the body 4i lines ;
of the wings 9 lines.

57. Psilopus flavicornis, Wied. Auss. Zweifl. 11. 227. 31.
Inhabits also Sumatra.

58. Psilopus terminifer, n. s. Mas. Aureo-viridis, vertice cya-
neo-purpureo, facie pectoreque argenteis, antennis, pedibus halte-
ribusque testaceis, abdomine apicem versus atro fasciis duabus cupreis,
alis subcinereis apice nigris.

Male. Golden-green, slender. Vertex bluish-purple ; face and pectus
silvery ; antennse testaceous, arista about half the length of the body ;
fourth and fifth segments of the abdomen deep black with a cupreous
band on the hind border of each segment, tip blue ; legs and hal-
teres testaceous; wings greyish, paler along the hind border, tips
black, fore branch of the praebrachial vein slightly curved inward,
discal transverse vein slightly undulating. Length of the body 3 lines ;
of the wings 5 lines.

59. Psilopus orcifer, n. s. Fcem. Purpureus, facie pectoreque sub-
cinereis, antennis, pedibus halteribusque nigris, abdomine cyaneo-
viridi segmentorum marginibus posticis purpureis, alis nigricantibus
margine postico cinereo. Var. Viridis, vertice cyaneo, abdominis
segmentis basi nigris.

Female. Purple, rather stout. Face and pectus slightly cinereous ;
antennae, legs, and halteres black ; abdomen bluish-green, hind bor-
ders of the segments purple ; wings blackish, cinereous along the
hind border, fore branch of the praebrachial vein forming an obtuse
angle, discal transverse vein very undulating. Var. Green. Vertex
blue; abdominal segments black at the base. Length of the body
2^ lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

60. Psilopus egens, n. s. Mas et Fmm. Purpureus, facie pectore-
que cyaneo-viridi cinereo subtomentosis, antennis, pedibus halteri-
busque nigris, metathorace viridi, abdomine cyaneo, suturis nigris, alis
cinereis.

Male and Female. Purple, Face and pectus shghtly covered with cine-
reous tomentum, the latter bluish-green ; antennae black, arista
much more than half the length of the body ; metathorax green ;
abdomen blue, sutures black ; legs and halteres black ; wings grey,
fore branch of the praebrachial vein much curved inward, discal
transverse vein straight; length of the body 2|— 2f lines; of the
wings 5 lines.

Gen. DoLiCHOPUS, Latr.

6L DoLiCHOPUS TRIGONIFER, n. s. F(Em. Cupreo -viridis, facie ar-
gentea, antennis, pedibus halteribusque testaceis, pectore, ventre ab-

WALKEE ON DIPTEEA OP AEU ISLANDS. yd

dominisque maculis lateralibus trigonis albidis, abdomine purpui*eo
marginibus posticis nigris, tarsis posterioribus nigricantibus, alls
cinereis.

Female. Cupreous green. Face silvery ; antennae, legs, and halteres
testaceous ; pectus, abdomen beneath, and triangular spots on each
side whitish ; abdomen purple, hind borders of the segments black ;
posterior tarsi blackish; wings grey, veins black, praebrachial vein
forming a right angle at its flexure, between which and the border
it is much curved inward, discal transverse vein very slightly curved
outwards. Length of the body 3 hues j of the wings 5 lines.

This species resembles the Psilopi in the structure of the praebrachial
vein.

Gen. DiAPHOBUS, Meigen.

62. DiAPHORUS RESUMENS, n. s. Mus ct F(Bm. Obscure viridis (mas)
aut niger (fcem.), facie pectoreque albidis, antennis piceis, abdomine
nigro-cupreo basi obscure testaceo, pedibus anterioribus tibiisque
posticis basi obscure testaceis, pedibus posticis nigris, alis nigrican-
tibus apud marginem posticum pallidioribus, halteribus testaceis.

Male and Female. Dark green (male) or black (female). Face and
pectus whitish ; antennae piceous ; abdomen cupreous-black, dull tes-
taceous towards the base ; hind legs black, hind tibiae towards the
base and anterior legs dull testaceous ; wings blackish, paler along
the hind border, veins black, praebrachial vein and discal transverse
Vein straight ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 2 lines ; of
the wings 3^ lines.

Earn. SYEPHID-^, Leach.

Gen. Ceeia, JFahr.

63. C^RiA smaragdina, n. s. Fcem. Saturate metallico-viridis, sub-
tilissime punctata, faciei lateribus cupreis, antennis nigris, arista
nivea, thorace bivittato, abdomine aeneo-viridi, tarsis nigris, alis di-
midio costali nigro, halteribus testaceis.

Female. Deep metallic green, very finely punctured. Head blue in
front, sides of the face cupreous-purple ; mouth, antennae, and tarsi
black ; arista snow-white ; thorax with two almost contiguous darker
stripes ; abdomen aeneous green, with the exception of the petiole,
which is very thick ; wings slightly greyish, costal half black ; hal-
teres testaceous. Length of the body 7 lines ; of the wings 14 lines.

64. Ceria relicta, n. s. Mas. Nigra, faciei lateribus, thoracis ma-
culis quatuor humeralibus, pectoris fasciis duabus laterahbus, scutello,
abdominis maculis duabus basahbus fasciisque duabus flavis, tibiis
flavescentibus apice piceis, alis apud costam nigris, halteribus testaceis.

Male. Black. Head yellow beneath, and in front with the exception
of a black stripe on the disk of the face ; arista white ; thorax with

94 WALKEB ON DIPTEEA OF ARU ISLANDS.

two yellow spots on each side in front ; scutellum yellow ; pectus
with an oblique yellow band on each side ; abdomen not petiolated,
with a tumid yellow spot on each side at the base, hind borders of
the third and fourth segments yellow ; femora at the tips and tibiae
yellow, the latter piceous towards the tips, tarsi piceous ; wings
greyish-black towards the costa, excepting a lurid costal streak which
extends along half the length from the base ; halteres testaceous.
Length of the body 6 lines ; of the wings 11 lines.

65. Ceria relicta, n. s. Fcem. Nigra, faciei lateribus abdominisque
fasciis duabus flavis, antennis ferrugineo variis, pedibus fulvis, alis
cinereis costam versus nigris, halteribus stramineis.

Female. Black. Head yellow, beneath and in front with the exception
of a black stripe on the disk of the face ; first and third joints of the
antennae somewhat ferruginous, arista white ; thorax with two indi-
stinct yellowish marks on the transverse suture, hind border of the
scutellum and hind borders of .the second and third abdominal seg-
ments yellow ; legs tawny, tibiae paler towards the base ; wings
green, black for nearly half the breadth from the costa ; halteres
straw-colour. Length of the body 6 lines ; of the wings 11 lines.

This may prove to be the female of C relictura, notwithstanding its
great difference from that species in the marks of the thorax and of
the abdomen, and in the colour of the legs.

Gen. MiCEODON, Meig.

66. MiCRODON FULVicoRNis, n. s. Mas. Niger, aureo-subpubescens,
antennis, abdoraine, pedibus halteribusque fulvis, femoribus nigris,
tibiis nigro vittatis, alis fuscis postice cinereis.

Male. Black. Head with gilded pubescence, cinereous behind and be-
neath ; antennae tawny, second joint above towards the tip and third
joint piceous ; thorax slightly covered with gilded tomentum ; pectus
with cinereous tomentum ; abdomen with gilded tomentum towards
the tip ; legs tawny, femora mostly black, tibiae with black stripes ;
wings cinereous, dark-brown about the costa, veinlet which bisects
the subapical areolet incomplete, as it is also in the following species ;
halteres tawny. Length of the body 6 lines ; of the wings 12 lines.

6']. MiCRODON APicALis, u. s. Mas et Foem. Niger, aureo-pubes-
cens, thorace abdomineque fasciatis, pedibus halteribusque fulvis,
alis nigro-fuscis postice obscure cinereis.

Male and Female. Etlack, with gilded tomentum, which forms two
bands on the thorax, and one on each side of the pectus ; abdomen
with three gilded tomentose bands, the third subapical, first segment
ferruginous beneath ; legs tawny, femora at the base and coxae black ;
wings blackish-brown, dark cinereous hindward ; halteres tawny.
Length of the body 5-6 lines ; of the wings 10-12 lines.

WALKES OIT DIPTEEA OF AUIJ ISLANDS. 95

Gen. GrEAPTOMYZA, Wied.

G8. Graptomyza tibialis, n. s. Mas. Testacea, vertice pectovis-
que fasciis duabus piceis, antennis supra nigris, abdominis lateribus
fasciis duabus subtrigonis apiceque nigris, alis cinereis.

Male. Testaceous. Vertex and mouth piceous ; epistoma with a pi-
ceous Hne on each side ; third joint of the antennae black above ; abdo-
men black along each side and at the tip, and with two black bands
which are angular in front; wings cinereous. Length of the body
3-1 lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

Gen. Eristalis, Zatr.

69. Eristalis splendens, Leguillon, Voy. aut. du Monde ; Macq. Dipt.
Exot. 11.2.49.28.

Inhabits also Solomon's Islands.

70. Eristalis resolutus, n. s. Mas et Foem. Niger, capite an-
tice albo, thorace vittis duabus fasciaque pectorisque disco cinereis,
scutello fulvo, abdomine fasciis interruptis a3neO'viridibus, tibiis basi
fulvescentibus, alis fuscis (mas) aut obscure fuscis (foem.) basi cinereis,
halteribus testaceis.

Male and Female. Black. Head shining, with white tomentum be-
neath and on each side of the face ; third joint of the antennae pi-
ceous, arista simple i thorax with two cinereous stripes and with one
cinereous band, somewhat chalybeous towards the scutellum, which is
tawny ; the band continued on each side of the pectus, whose disk is
cinereous ; abdomen with an interrupted reneous-green band on the
second segment, third and fourth segments aeneous-green, each with
three large black spots ; tibia somewhat tawny towards the base ; wings
brown (male) or dark brown (female), cinereous towards the base ; hal-
teres testaceous. Length of the body 6 lines; of the wings 10 lines.

71. Eristalis coNDUCTus, n.s. Fam. Niger, faciei lateribus albis,
antennis, scutello, abdominis fasciis pedibusque testaceis, thorace
antico albido, alis subcinereis apice obscurioribus.

Female. Black. Head shining, with white tomentum behind, beneath
and on each side of the face ; antennae, scutellum, and legs testa-
ceous, arista simple ; thorax whitish in front, the whitish part con-
tinued in a short baud on each side of the pectus ; abdomen testaceous
at the base and beneath, and with three testaceous bands ; hind tibiae
with black tips; wings slightly greyish, darker towards the tips,
cubital vein much less bent than usual ; halteres testaceous. Length

, of the body 3^ lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

72. Eristalis suavissimus, n. s. Fam. Fulvus, capite testaceo
vertice nigro, thorace vittis quinque testaceis, abdomine nigro ma-
culis sex lutescentibus, segmentorum marginibus posticis aineis, pe-"
dibus nigris testaceo fasciatis, alis subiimpidis punctis duobus costa-
libus nigris.

LIKIf. PROC. — ZOOLOGY. 7

9G WALKER ON DIPTEEA OF AEU ISLANDS.

Female. Tawny. Head with testaceous tomentum, vertex black, shining;
antennae testaceous, arista simple ; thorax with five testaceous stripes ;
pectus with two oblique testaceous bands on each side; abdomen
black, with six somewhat luteous spots, the basal pair larger and
darker than the middle pair, which are larger than the hind pair,
apical segment with two testaceous points, hind borders of the seg-
ments aeneous above, testaceous beneath ; legs lilack, tibia? at the
base and tarsi testaceous ; wings nearly limpid, costa with two black
points; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 5^ lines; of the
wings 10 lines.

73. Eristalis MUSCoiDES, n. s. Mas. Cyaneo-viridis subchaly-
beus, capitis callo antennisque fulvis, faciei lateribus albo tomentosis,
thorace subvittato, abdomine nigro maculis seneo-viridibus, pedibus
nigris, alis subcinereis, halteribus albis.

Male. Bluish-green, with a slight chalybeous tinge. Face with white
tomentum along each side, middle callus tawny, shining; antennae
pale tawny, arista plumose ; thorax with three indistinct black stripes,
the lateral pair oblique, callus on each side beneath pale tawny;
abdomen black, second segment with a broad interrupted bluish
green band, third segment with four aeneous-green streaks, fourth
segment also with four streaks which are united on the hind border,
ventral segments whitish on each side; legs black; femora bluish
black towards the base ; wings slightly cinereous ; halteres white.
Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 8 hnes.

Gen. Helophilus, Meigen.

74. Helophilus quadrivittatus, Wied. Auss. Zweifl. 11. 168. 22. (Eris-
talis).

Inhabits also Hindostan.

75. Helophilus mesoleucus, n. s. FcBm. Niger, faciei lateribus
niveo tomentosis, thorace vittis quatuor canis, scutello, abdominis
fascia antica latissima interrupta basique lutescentibus, aUs cinereis,
venis basi halteribusque fulvis.

Female. Black. Face with snow'-white tomentum on each side ; thorax
with four hoaiy stripes ; pectus with a cinereous disk ; scutellum pale
luteous ; abdomen pale luteous at the base, and with a broad inter-
rupted pale luteous band on the second segment, third and fourth
segments somewhat chalybeous, the former livid along the fore
border, under side with two lateral abbreviated pale luteous stripes ;
hind femora thick ; wings grey, veins towards the base, and halteres,
tawny. Length of the body 62- lines ; of the wings 12 lines.

Gen. Xtlota, Meigen.

76. Xylota ventralis, n. s. Fosm. Nigro-chalybea, capite albido
tomentoso, scutello fulvo, vittis duabus ventralibus latis abbreviatis

WALKEE ON DIPTEEA OE AETJ ISLANDS. 97

testaceia, pedibus piceo et testaceo vaviis, alls fuscis basi cinereis,
halteribus testaceis.
Female. Blackish chalybeous. Head with whitish tomentum, except-
ing the callus on the vertex and another on the front ; mouth and
antennae black; scutellum tawny; abdomen beneath with two very
broad testaceous stripes extending from the base to two-thirds of the
length ; legs dingy testaceous, femora and hind tibiae partly piceous,
hind femora thick, piceous, slightly chalybeous, armed with spines
beneath; wings dark brown, cinereous towards the base ; halteres tes-
taceous. Length of the body A^ lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

Gen. Orthonetjea, Macq.

77. Orthoneura basalis, n. s. Foim. Chalybeo-nigra, nitens, cano-
subtoraentosa, antennis ferrugineis basi fulvis articulo tertio elongate,
tarsis posterioribus piceis, tarsis anticis tibiisque anterioribus fulvis,
his nigro fasciatis, alis subcinereis fusco fasciatis, halteribus testaceis.

Female. Chalybeous-blaek, very shining, partly and slightly covered
with hoary tomentum ; antennas tawny, third joint ferruginous, long,
linear, tawny at the base ; anterior tibiaj tawny with a black band,
fore tarsi tawny, hinder tarsi piceous; wings greyish, with a sub-
apical brown band which is abbreviated hindward, veins towards the
base and halteres testaceous; alulae whitish. Length of the body
3^ lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

Gren. Syephus, Fabr.

78. Syrphus aegrotus. Fair. See Vol. I. p. 124.

79. Syrphus ericetorum, Fahr. Ent. Syst. iv. 287. 34.
Inhabits also Sierra Leone, Hindostan, and Java.

Pam. MTJSCID^, Zatr.

Subfam. Tachinides, WalJc.

G-en. Masiceea, Macq.

80. Masicera notabilis, n. s. Mas. Nigra, longiuscula, capite
abdominisque fasciis albis, frontalibus atris, pectore cano, scutelli
margine postico abdominisque lateribus ferrugineis, alis cinereis, venis
fusco marginatis.

Male. Black, rather long, with long stout bristles ; head white, silvery,
with white hairs behind and beneath, frontalia deep black, widening
slightly to the face, faciaha without bristles, epistoma not promi-
nent ; eyes bare ; palpi ferruginous at the tips ; antennae extending to
the epistoma, third joint shghtly widening towards the tip, nearly
four times the length of the second, arista slender, very much longer
than the third joint; pectus and sides of the thorax hoary, hind
border of the scutellum ferruginous ; abdomen fusiform, much longer

7*

i WALKER ON DIPTERA 01? AEU ISLANDS.

than the thorax, with a broad slightly interrupted white band on the
fore border of each segment, sides of the second and third segments
slightly ferruginous ; wings grey, veins black bordered with brown,
prsebrachial vein forming a slightly acute angle at its flexure, near
which it is much curved inward, and is thence straight to its tip,
discal transverse vein curved inward, parted by less than its length
from the border, and by rather more than half its length from the
flexure of the prsebrachial ; alulaj white ; halteres testaceous. Length
of the body 6 lines ; of the wings 12 lines.

81. Masicera? tentata, n. s. Nigra, cinereo-tomentosa, capite
argenteo frontalibus atris, antennarum articulo tertio basi rufo, thorace
quadrivittato, abdomine ?, pedibus longiusculis, alis nigricantibus pos-
tice cinereis.

Black, with cinereous tomentum and with moderately stout bristles.
Head silvery with white hairs behind and beneath, frontalia deep
black, slightly widening towards the face, facialia without bristles,
epistoma not prominent ; antennae extending nearly to the epistoma ;
third joint cinereous, slender, linear, red towards the base, rounded at
the tip, more than four times the length of the second ; arista slender,
much longer than the third joint j thorax with four slender black
stripes j scutellum not cinereous ; abdomen wanting ; legs rather long
and slender ; wings blackish, cinereous hindward and at the tips,
veins black, pra^bracbial vein forming a very obtuse angle at its
flexure, from whence it is almost straight to its tip, discal transverse
vein slightly undulating, parted by much less than its length from
the border, and by a little less than its length from the flexure of the ,
pracbrachial ; alulae large, yellowish white -, halteres piceous. Length
of the body 4 ? lines ; of the v/ings 7 lines.

82. Masicera solennis, n. s. Foem. Nigra, breviuscula, cinereo-to-
mentosa, capite albo, frontalibus atris, thorace quadrivittato, scutelli
margine postico ferrugineo, abdomine subtessellato, alis cinereis.

Female. Black, rather short, with cinereous tomentum. Head white,
with white hairs behind and beneath, frontalia deep black, widening
towards the face, faciaha without bristles, epistoma not prominent ;
eyes bare ; antennae almost reaching the epistoma, third joint cine-
reous, linear, rounded at the tip, more than four times the length of
of the second, arista slightly stout towards the base, much longer
than the third joint ; thorax with four slender black stripes ; scutellum
ferruginous along the hind border ; abdomen short-conical, with three
broad interrupted cinereous bands; legs rather short; wings grey,
veins black, prajbrachial vein forming a slightly obtuse angle at its
flexure, from whence it is almost straight to its tip, discal transverse
vein nearly straight, parted by much less than its length from fhe
border and by a little less than its length from the flexure of the prse-
brachial ; alulte cinereous. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings
5 lines.

WALKER ON 1>IPTEEA OF AKU ISLAND?. 90

S3. Masicera simplex, n. s. Fcem. Nigra, capite albo, frontalibus
atris, thorace cinereo-toraentoso quadrivittato, abdomine fasciis cine-
reis late interruptis, alls cinereis.

Female. Black, with stout bristles. Head white, with white hairs be-
neath, frontalia deep black, linear, face oblique, facialia without
bristles, epistoma not prominent ; eyes bare ; antennas almost reach-
ing the epistoma, third joint cinereous, linear, rather broad, almost
truncated at the tip, about four times the length of the second, arista
slender, very much longer than the third joint ; thorax and pectus
with cinereous tomentum, the former with four slender black stripes ;
abdomen shining, subelliptical, a little longer than the thorax, with a
widely interrupted cinereous band on the fore border of each segment ;
legs stout; wings cinereous; veins black; prsebrachial vein forming
a very obtuse angle at its flexure, from whence it is straight to its
tip, discal transverse vein almost straight, parted by hardly less than
its length from the border, and by very much more than its length
from the flexure of the praebrachial ; alulae white. Length of the
body 3^^ lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

84. Masicera guttata, n. s. Fcem. Nigra, capite albo, frontalibus
atris, thoracis vittis tribus pectoreque cinereis, abdomine guttis late-
ralibus albis, alis cinereis.

Female. Black, with short slight bristles. Head white, frontalia deep
•black, widening slightly towards the epistoma, face oblique, facialia
without bristles, epistoma not prominent; antennse reaching the
epistoma, third joint linear, slightly truncated at the tip, full four
times the length of the second, arista slender ; thorax with three
cinereous stripes ; pectus cinereous ; abdomen elongate-oval, a little
longer than the thorax, a row of white dots along each side on the
fore borders of the segments ; wings cinereous, a little darker along
the costa towards the base, veins black, praebrachial vein forming a
very obtuse angle at its flexure, from whence it is almost straight to
its tips ; discal transverse vein straight, parted by more than its length
from the border and by nearly twice its length from the flexure of
the praebrachial; alulse whitish. Length of the body 2^ lines; of
the wings 4 hues.

G-en. EuEYGASTEE, Macq.

85. Eurygaster tentans, n. s. Fcem. Nigra, latiuscula, cinereo
tomentosa, capite albo, frontalibus atris, thorace vittis quatuor nigris,
scutelli margine .postico ferrugineo, abdomine subtessellato, alis ci-
nereis apud costam subfuscis.

Female. Black, rather broad, with cinereous tomentum. Head white,
with white hairs behind and beneath, frontalia deep black, narrow,
widening towards the face, which is oblique, facialia with bristles
along more than one-third of the length from the frontalia, epistoma
not prominent; eyes pubescent, palpi ferruginous; antennae ex-

100 WALKER ON DIPTEEA- OF AEU ISLANDS.

tending to the epistoma, third joint cinereous, hardly widening from
the base to the tip, which is somewhat truncated, arista slender, very
much longer than the third joint ; thorax with four indistinct black
stripes ; scutellum feiTuginous hindward ; abdomen conical, not
longer than the thorax, with three broad, slightly interrupted, cine-
reous bands, second segment indistinctly ferruginous on each side ;
legs stout ; wings grey, slightly brownish in front, veins black, testa-
ceous towards tlie base, praebrachial vein forming an obtuse angle at
its flexure, hardly curved inward from thence to its tip, discal trans-
verse vein very slightly undulating, parted by much less than its
length from the border and from the flexure of the praebrachial;
alulae whitish. Length of the body 4'^ lines ; of the wings 8 hues.

86. EuRYGASTER DECiPiENS, n. s. F(Em. Nigra, aureo-tomentosa,
capite antico argenteo frontalibus atris, antennis ferrugineis, thorace
vittis quatuor nigris, abdomine fulvo subtessellato vitta basali nigra,
pedibus fulvis, alis cinereis.

Female. Black, stout, with gilded tomentum. Head silvery white in
front and beneath, frontalia deep black, widening slightly towards
the upright face, the bristles on each side hardly extending to the
facialia, epistoma not prominent ; eyes bare ; antennae ferruginous,
extending to the epistoma, third joint linear, somewhat truncated at

' the tip, more than four times the length of the second joint, arista
slender, much longer than the third joint ; thorax with numerous
long bristles, with four slight black stripes ; pectus cinereous ; abdo-
men tawny, conical, not longer than the thorax, with short stout
bristles, and with three broad, slightly gilded, somewhat interrupted
bands, a short black stripe at the base; legs tawny, stout, tibiae
darker than the femora, tarsi piceous ; wings grey, somewhat darker
in front, veins black, praebrachial vein forming a right angle at its
flexure, near which it is much curved inward, discal transverse vein
nearly straight, parted by more than half its length from the border,
and by a little less than its length from the flexure of the praebrachial ;
alulae slightly cinereous. Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings
7 lines.

87. EuRYGASTER PHASioiDES, u. s. Mtts. Nigra, cano-tomentosa,
capite albo frontalibus atris, antennis, scutello, abdomine femoribusque
fulvis, abdomine fasciis duabus posticis albidis vittaque nigra, alis
cinereis basi albis, costa plagaque nigricantibus.

Male. Black, with hoary tomentum. Head white, frontalia deep black,
widening towards the upright face, facialia with bristles along more
than half the length from the epistoma, which is not prominent ;
eyes bare ; palpi testaceous ; antennae tawny, extending to the epi-
stoma, third joint linear, slightly rounded at the tip, more than
four times the length of the second joint, arista slender, much longer
than the third joint ; thorax with four very slender black stripes ;

WALKEE ON DIPTEBA OF ABU ISLANDS. 101

abdomen tawny, short-oval, not longer than the thorax, with a black
stripe which does not extend to the tip, third and fourth segments
with a white band along each fore border ; legs very stout, femora
tawny ; wings cinereous, white and with testaceous veins at the base,
blackish along the costa, and with a broad black band which is ab-
breviated hindward, praebrachial vein forming an obtuse angle at its
flexure, from whence it is very' slightly curved inward to its tip,
discal transverse vein nearly straight, parted by much less than its
length from the border, and by hardly less than its length from the
flexure of the praebrachial ; alulas whitish. Length of the body 3^
lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

Subfam. Dexides, Walk.
Gren. EuTiLiA, Desv.

88. Rutilia plumicornis, Gueririf Macq. Dipt. Exot. 11. 3. 82. 3.
PI. 9. f. 8.

Inhabits also Off'ak, New Guinea.

89. Rutilia angustipennis, n. s. Foem. Nigro-viridis, capite ci-
nereo frontalibus atris, thoracis lateribus subpurpurascentibus, scu-
tello purpureo, abdomine viridi basi purpureo, tibiis ferrugineis, alis
angustis lanceolatis obscure fuscis basi nigris.

Female. Blackish-green. Head cinereous, frontalia deep black, widen-
ing much towards the face, epistoma very prominent, arista stout,
bare ; thorax with almost obsolete stripes, purplish along each side ;
scutellum mostly purple ; abdomen dark green, purple at the base ;
legs black, tibia3 ferruginous ; wings narrow, lanceolate, dark brown,
black towards the base, praebrachial vein forming a much rounded
angle at its flexure, near which it is slightly curved inward, and is
thence straight to its tip, discal transverse vein very slightly undu-
lating, parted by less than half its length from the border, and by
much more than half its length from the flexure of the praebrachial ;
alulae dark brownish cinereous. I/cngth of the body 8 lines ; of the
wings 16 lines.

Gren. Dexia, Meigen.

90. Dexia PECTORALis, n. s. Fcem. Testacea, capite pectore que albis
frontalibus atris, antennis fulvis, thorace cinereo vittis quatuor nigris,
abdomine fulvo apicem versus spinoso fasciis duabus nigris, pedibus
longis tibiis tarsisque nigris, alis cinereis venis subfusco late mar-
ginatis.

Female. Testaceous. Head white, frontalia deep black, widening to-
wards the face, facialia without bristles, epistoma prominent; an-
tennae tawny, not reaching the epistoma, third joint of the antennae
long, linear, arista plumose ; thorax cinereous, with four black stripes,
of which the inner pair are much narrower than the outer pair ,* scu-

102 WALKER ON DIPTERA OE AHU ISLANDS.

tellum tawny hindward ; pectus white ; abdomen tawny, with a few
spines towards the tip, hind borders of the third and fourth segments
and tips black ; legs long, black, coxa3 and femora testaceous ; wings
grey, veins very broadly bordered v/ith pale brown, prsebrachial vein
forming a slightly obtuse angle at its flexure, between which and its
tip it is slightly curved inward, discal transverse vein undulating,
parted by about half its length from the border, and by a little less
than its length from the flexure of the prsebrachial ; alulae cinereous
Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 9 lines.

Gen. Peosena, St.-Far^.

91. Prosena argentata, n. s. Mas et Foem. Testacea (mas) aut

. nigra (foem.)^ capite thoraceque argenteis, antennis fulvis, abdomine

longo fasciis vittaque nigris (mas) aut breviore fasciis cinereis lateri-

busque basi testaceis (foem.)j pedibus nigris femoribus testaceis, alis

subfuscescentibus (mas) aut cinereis (foem.).

Male and Female. Head and thorax with bright silvery tomentum,
facialia without bristles, epistoma slightly prominent ; eyes bare ;
mouth black, testaceous towards the base, full as long as the thorax ;
antennae tawny, not reaching the epistoma, arista plumose; legs
black, coxa; and femora testaceous ; wdngs grey, veins black. Male.
Testaceous. Pectus mostly white; abdomen elongate-conical, with
slight whitish reflexions, dorsal stripe and hind borders of the seg-
ments black ; legs long ; wings brownish towards the costa and about
the veins, prsebrachial vein forming a slightly obtuse angle at its
flexure, between which and its tip it is very slightly curved inward,
discal transverse vein hardly undulating, parted by less than half its
length from the border, and by less than its length from the flexure
of the prsebrachial. Length of the body 5 lines ; of the wings 10 lines.
Female. Black. Pectus silvery; scutellum deep black; abdomen
conical, with broad cinereous bands, first and second segments with
broad interrupted testaceous bands, a testaceous mark on each side
of the third segment at the base; legs rather long, femora with black
tips ; prajbrachial vein forming a right angle at its flexure, curved in-
ward from thence to its tip, discal transverse vein curved inward near
its hind end, parted by less than its length from the border and from
the flexure of the prsebrachial. Length of the body 3^- lines ; of
the wings 7 lines.

Subfani. Saecophagides, WalJc.
Gen. Saecophaga, Meigen.

92. Sarcopiiaga compta, n. s. FcBm. Nigra, cinereo-tomentosa,
capite aurato subtus fulvo piloso, thorace vittis tribus nigris, abdo-
mine tessellato, alis obscure cinereis.

Female. Black, with cinereous tomentum. Head gilded in front,
clothed behind and beneath with tawny hairs, frontalia deep black.

WALKER ON DIPTEKA OE ARU ISLANDS. 103^

hardly widening towards the face ; thorax with three black very di-
stinctly marked stripes, the middle one dilated on the scutcUum ;
abdomen distinctly tessellated with six large cinereous excavated
spots; wings grey, precbrachial vein forming a right angle at its
flexure, near which it is much curved inward, and is thence straight
to its tip, discal transverse vein hardly undulating, parted by much
less than its length from the border, and by little more than half its
length from the flexure of the prscbrachial ; alulae white. Length of
the body 5 lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

93. Sarcophaga invaria, n. s. Mas etFcem. Nigra, cinereo-tomen-
tosa, capite maris albo, thorace vittis quinque nigris, abdomine tessel-
lato, alis cinereis.

Male and Female. Black, with cinereous tomentum. Thorax with five
black stripes, the lateral pair incomplete ; abdomen distinctly tessel-
lated, the spots being much excavated -, wings grey, prajbrachial vein
forming a right angle at its flexure, near which it is much curved
inward, and is thence straight to its tip, discal transverse vein hardly
undulating, parted by much less than its length from the border, and
by rather more than half its length from the flexure of the prsebra-
chial ; alulaj white. Male. Head silvery white, frontalia deep black,
linear ; tomentum of the thorax and of the abdomen more whitish
than that of the female. Female. Frontalia slightly widening towards
the face. Length of the body 4-44^ lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

Subfam. MrsciDES, Walk.

Gen. Idia, 3Ieigen.

94. Idia australis. Walk. Cat. Dipt. pt. 4. 809. == /. o c a.^U^^c^'Uz^ , kk'e.a\
Inhabits also Australia.

95. Idia ^qualis, n. s. Fam. Mnea, capite subtuberculato, thoracis
lateribus pectoreque albido-testaceis lineis duabus lateralibus ajneis,
abdomine fulvo fasciis tribus seneis, pedibus testaceis tibiis apice
femoribusque seneis, alis cinereis apice nigricantibus.

Female. iEneous-whitish, testaceous beneath. Head with minute tuber-
cles on each side of the front, frontalia piceous, linear ; thorax with
an aeneous stripe on each side in a line with the base of the wings,
and with numerous points between these lines and the disk ; abdomen
pale tawny, with three seneous bands on the hind borders of the seg-
ments; legs testaceous, tibia3 towards the tips and femora aeneous;
wings greyish, with blackish tips, prsebrachial vein forming an obtuse
and much-rounded angle at its flexure, from whence it is almost
straight to its tip, discal transverse vein parted by about half its length
from the border and by about its length from the flexure of the pra;-
brachial ; alulae very slightly cinereous ; halteres testaceous. Length
of the body 3| lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

104 WALKEB ON DTPTEEA OP AEU ISLANDS.

Q-en. MuscA, Linn,

9Q. MuscA GLORiosA, n. s. (genus Silbomyia, Macq.). Fcem. Cyaneo-
viridis, capite Is&tissiine aurato frontalibus atris, antennis pedibusque
nigris, thorace vittis quatuor cupreis, pectore maculis quatuor albis,
abdomine viridi-cyaneo, vitta tenui purpurea, alls cinereis apud costam
nigris, alulis albis.

Female. Golden green. Head brilliantly gilded, frontalia deep black,
widening towards the face -, a brilliantly-gilded lanceolate streak be-
tween the antennae, which are black ; epistoma piceous, slightly pro-
minent ; thorax with four cupreous stripes ; pectus with four white
tomentose spots ; abdomen greenish blue -with a very slender purple
stripe ; legs black, femora blackish green ; wings grey, black for full
one-third of the breadth from the costa, praebrachial vein forming a
very obtuse angle at its flexure, from whence it is nearly straight to its
tip, discal transverse vein very slightly undulating, parted by less
than half its length from the border, and by more than half its length
from the flexure of the praebrachial ; alulae pure white. Length of the
body 6 lines ; of the wings 12 lines.

97. MuscA OPULENTA, n. s. (gcnus Silbomyia, Macq.) Fcem. Aureo-
viridis, capite aurato, frontalibus atris, antennis piceis, thorace vittis
quatuor subobsoletis cupreis, pectore maculis duabus albis, alis cine-
reis apud costam nigris, alulis albis.

Female. Golden green. Head brightly gilded, frontalia deep black,
linear, epistoma piceous, slightly prominent; antennae piceous; thorax
with four almost obsolete cupreous stripes ; pectus with a spot of
white tomentum on each side; abdomen vvith a very indistinct cu-
preous stripe J tibiae and tarsi black ; wings grey, black along the
costa, praebrachial vein forming a right angle at its flexure, near
which it is shghtly curved inward, and is thence straight to its tip,
discal transverse vein undulating, parted by more than half its length
from the border and from the flexure of the praebrachial; alulae white.
Length of the body 4i lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

98. MuscA MACULARis, n. s. (genus Chrysomyia? Desv.) Mas et
Foem. Aureo-viridis, capite argenteo antice aurato frontalibus atris,
antennis pedibusque nigris, thorace vittis tribus cupreis vix conspicuis,
scutello cyaneo, pectore maculis quatuor lateralibus albo tomentosis,
abdomine viridi-cyaneo maculis quatuor lateralibus albis, alis cinereis
basi nigricantibus, alulis nigricantibus.

Male and Female. Golden green. Head brightly gilded, white behind ;
antennae, tibiae, and tarsi black ; thorax with three indistinct cupreous
stripes ; scutellum blue ; pectus with two white tomentose spots on
each side ; abdomen greenish blue with two transverse white spots
on each side; femora blackish-green; wings grey, blackish at the
base, praebrachial vein forming a slightly obtuse angle at its flexure,
nearly straight from thence to its tip, discal transverse vein curved

WALKER ON DIPTEEA OP AEU ISLANDS. 105

outward towards its fore end, parted by about half its length from the
border, and by much less than its length from the flexure of the prse-
brachial; alulae blackish. Female. Head with a silvery white vertex,
frontalia deep black, linear. Length of the body bQ lines ; of the wings
10-12 lines.

99. MuscA MARGiNiFERA, n. s. (gcnus LuciUa, Desv.) Fcem. Viridi-
cyanea, capite albido frontalibus atris, antennis pedibusque nigris,
abdominis segmentis purpureo marginatis, alis cinereis basi subnigri-
cantibus, alulis cinereis.

Female. Greenish-blue. Head whitish, frontalia deep black, linear, face
and third joint of the antennae cinereous ; abdomen with a purple
band on the hind border of each segment ; legs black ; wings grey,
almost blackish at the base, praebrachial vein forming a hardly
obtuse angle at its flexure, between which and its tip it is hardly
curved inward, discal transverse vein nearly straight, parted by about
half its length from the border, and by more than half its length
from the flexure of the prsebrachial ; alulae cinereous. Length of the
body 4^ lines ; of the wings 9 lines.

100. MuscA BENEDiCTA, u. s. (gcuus Pyrellia, Desv.) Mas. Aureo-
viridis, capite albo, antennis pedibusque nigris, alis cinereis basi sub-
luridis venis basi fulvis, alulis testaceo-cinereis. Var. ? Abdominis
apice purpureo.

Male. Golden green. Head white in front ; antennae and legs black ;
wings cinereous, slightly lurid towards the base, veins tawny towards
the base, praebrachial vein curved at the flexure, almost straight from
thence to the tip, discal transverse vein slightly undulating, parted
by full half its length from the border, and by little less than its
length from the flexure of the praebrachial ; alulae cinereous \Yith a
testaceous tinge. Var. ? or a distinct species : darker ; abdomen purple
at the tip. Length of the body 3 lines; of the wings 6 lines.

101. MuscA OBTRUSA, u. s. (gcuus Pyrellia, Desv.) Mas et Fcem.
Purpureo -cyanea, antennis pedibusque nigris, alis cinereis, alulis ob-
scurioribus.

Very nearly allied to M. refixa and to M. perjixa, but difi'ering slightly
in the veins of the wings. Male and Female. Blue, more or less
mingled with purple. Head black, slightly cinereous in front ; an-
tennae and legs black; wings grey, veins black, praebrachial vein
forming an almost angular curve at its flexure, nearly straight from
thence to its tip, discal transverse vein very slightly undulating,
parted by little more than half its length from the border, and by
about its length from the flexure of the praebrachial; alulae dark
cinereous. Length of the body 2|^-3 lines ; of the wings 5-6 lines.

102. Musca domestica, hinn. See Vol. I. p. 128.

103. Musca obscurata, n. s. Fcem. Nigra, subcinerascens, capite
postico albo, thorace vittis quatuor angustis nigris, abdomine tessel-

106 WALKER ON DIPTERA OF ABU ISLANDS.

lato, alls obscure cinereis apud costam nigricantlbus, alulis testaceo-
cinereis.
Female. Black, slightly covered with cinereous tomentum. Head white
behind ; thorax with four slender black stripes ; abdomen distinctly
tessellated with four rows of cinereous reflecting spots ; wings very
dark grey, blackish towards the costa, praebrachial vein forming a
somewhat rounded and very slightly obtuse angle at its flexure, hardly
curved inward from thence to its tip, discal transverse vein slightly
undulating, parted by less than half its length from the body, and by
more than half its length from the flexure of the prsebrachial ; alulae
cinereous, with a testaceous tinge. Length of the body 3-^ lines ; of
the wings 7 lines.

104. MuscA PATIENS, n. s. Fcem. Nigra, cinereo-tomentosa, frontali-
bus antennisque piceis, thorace vittis quatuor tenuissimis nigris,
abdomine tessellato, alis cinereis.

Female. Black, with cinereous tomentum. Head whitish behind, fron-
talia piceous, linear ; antcnnse piceous ; thorax with four very slender
black stripes ; abdomen tessellated ; wings grey, veins black, prae-
brachial vein forming an obtuse and somewhat rounded angle at its
flexure, from whence it is hardly curved inward to its tip, discal
transverse vein undulating, parted by less than half its length from
the border, and by more than half its length from the flexure of the
praebrachial ; alulae slightly cinereous, with testaceous borders. Length
of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

105. MuscA ERiSTALoiDES, n. s. (gcuus Pollcnia? Desv.) Mas et
Foem. Aureo tomentosa, crassa, subtus testacea, capite antico albo
fjontalibus antice rufis, antennis piceis basi rufis, thorace vittis tribus
abbreviatis fulvis, scutello cyaneo, abdomine cyaneo basi fasciisque
duabus albis, pedibus fulvis, tibiis tarsisque nigris, alis cinereis
apud costam fuscescentibus. Var. mas. Minor, thorace vittis tribus
nigris.

Male and Female. Body thick; head white; frontalia of the female
piceous, linear, red in front ; epistoma prominent ; proboscis long ;
palpi whitish; antennae piceous, red at the base; thorax with gilded
tomentum, and with three tawny bands which are abbreviated hind-
ward, scutellum blue ; pectus testaceous ; abdomen blue, white at
the base and with two white bands on the 3rd and 4th segments,
1st segment with a transverse blue spot on each side; legs taw^ny,
tibiae and tarsi black ; wings grey, blackish along the exterior part of
the costa, praebrachial vein forming a right but rounded angle at its
flexure, near which it is curved inward and is thence straight to its
tip, discal transverse vein slightly undulating, parted by a little more
than half its length from the border, and by much more than half its
length from the flexure of the praebrachial ; alulae testaceous. Var.
Male. Smaller ; thorax with three black stripes ; abdomen with only

WALKEE ON DIPTEBA OF ARU ISLANDS. 107

one white band, which is on the 4th segment. Length of the body
4-5 Hnes j of the wings 8-10 Unes.

Gen. Bengalia, Besv.

106. Bengalia spissa, n. s. Mas et Fcem. Fulva, capite nigro
antice albo, antennis testaceis, pectore fasciis duabus obliquis albidis,
pedibus nigris femoribus basi coxisque fulvis, alis cinereis.

Male and Female. Tawny. Head black, with silvery tomentum in front,
epistoma not prominent ; palpi black ; antenna) testaceous ; pectus
with an oblique whitish band on each side ; legs black, femora to-
wards the base and coxee tawny ; wings grey, veins black, testaceous
towards the base, pra^brachial vein forming an obtuse and rounded
angle at its flexure, which is very near the border of the wing, straight
from thence to its tip, discal transverse vein straight, parted by much
less than its length from the border, and by very much more than its
length from the flexure of the pra^brachial ,- alula) testaceous. Length
of the body 3|- lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

Subfam. Anthomyides, Walk.
G-en. Aricta, Mcieq.

107. Aricia significans, n. s. Mas et Fcem. Fulva, subtus testaeea,
capite nigro argenteo-tomentoso, antennis testaceis, thorace vittis
tribus albidis, abdominis apice piceo, alis cinereis.

Male and Female. Tawny, testaceous beneath. Head black, with silvery
tomentum, vertex much broader in the female than in the male ;
palpi tawny ; . antennas testaceous ; thorax with three whitish stripes
in the disk, and with one on each side ; abdomen piceous at the tip ;
tarsi blackish towards the tips ; wings cinereous, veins black, tawny
towards the base, discal transverse vein hardly undulating, parted by
more than its length from the procbrachial transverse, and by less
than its length from the border ; alulee pale cinereous, with testaceous
borders. Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 7 hnes.

108. Aricia canivitta, n. s. Foim. Fulva, subtus testaeea, capite
nigro, facie argentea, palpis antennisque testaceis, thoracis disco, ab-
dominis plagis duabus trigonis pedibusque nigris, thorace vitta cana,
alis cinereis.

Female. Tawny, testaceous beneath. Head black, face silvery ; palpi
and antennae testaceous ; disk of the thorax blackish, with a broad
hoary stripe ; disk of the scuteilum piceous ; second and third seg-
ments of the abdomen with triangular black bands ; legs black, coxas
and trochanters testaceous; wings grey, veins black, discal trans-
verse vein hardly curved inv\^ard, parted by more than half its length
from the border, and by a little less than its length from the prse-
brachial transverse; alula) pale cinereous, with testaceous borders.
Length of the body 3] lines, of the wings 7 lines.

108 WALKER ON DIPTERA OF ABU ISLANDS.

Gren. Anthomtia, Meigen.

109. Anthomyia procellaria, n. s. Mas. Nigra, subtus albida,
capite argenteo, thorace fasciis duabus (prima interrupta) albis, abdo-
mine vitta tenui fasciisque iiiterruptis albidis, alis cinereis, halteribus
testaceis.

Nearly allied to A. pluvialis and to A. tonitrui. Male. Black, whitish
beneath. Head silvery; thorax with two whitish bands, the first in-
terrupted in the middle, widened on each side ; scutellum elongate ;
abdomen with a slender whitish stripe, and with interrupted whitish
bands, which are widened on each side ; wings grey, veins black,
discal transverse vein nearly straight, parted by less than half its
length from the border and by hardly less than its length from the
pra3brachial transverse ; alulai grey, with testaceous borders ; hal-
teres testaceous. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

Gen. C^KOSIA, Meigen.

110. C^NOSiA LUTEicoRNis, n. s. Mas. Cana, capite antennisque
pallide luteis, abdomine basi testaceo maculis octo nigris, pedibus
halteribusque testaceis, alis subhmpidis apice nigris.

Male. Hoary. Head pale luteous, frontalia darker, widening towards
the face j palpi white ; antennae pale luteous, extending to the epi-
stoma, third joint long, slender, linear, arista plumose for half the
length from the base ; abdomen testaceous towards the base, with
four dorsal black spots and with two black spot-; on each side towards
the tip ; legs testaceous ; wings nearly limpid, with a black apical
spot, discal transverse vein nearly straight, parted by less than its
length from the border and by very much more than its length
from the prsebrachial transverse ; alulae white ; halteres testaceous.
Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

Subfam. Helomtzides, Fallen.
Gen. CcELOPA, Meigen.

111. Cgelopa inconspicua, n. s. Fcem. Cinerea, antennis piceis,
pectore antico, abdomine pedibusque fulvis, his nigro variis, alis
cinereis, halteribus testaceis.

Female. Cinereous, flat. Antennae piceous j fore part of the pectus,
abdomen and legs tawny, the latter with diffuse blackish bands;
wings grey, veins black, with the usual structure, tawny towards the
base ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 2 hues ; of the wings
3^- lines.

Gen. Xaentta, Wallc.

112. Xarnuta leucotelus. Walk. See Vol. I. p. 28.

WALKEE O-S DIPTEEA OF AEU ISLANDS. 109

G-en. Helomtza, Fallen,

113. Helomyza picipes, n. s. Fozm. Fulva, capite, antennis femo-
ribusque nigris, abdominis segmentis nigro marginatis, tibiis tarsisque
piceis, alis cjnereis apud costam luridis vena discali transversa fusco
subnebulosa, halteribus testaceis. Var. Thoracis vitta lata abdo-
mineque piceis.

Female. Tawny. Head and antennae black, arista plumose; thorax
with two slender, darker, almost obsolete stripes ; hind borders of the
abdominal segments black ; legs piceous, femora black, coxae tawny ;
wings grey, with a lurid tinge towards the costa, discal transverse
vein straight, slightly clouded with brown, parted by about half its
length from the border, and by more than twice its length from the
prsebrachial transverse ; halteres testaceous. Var. Thorax with a
broad piceous stripe ; abdomen piceous. Length of the body 3 lines ;
of the wings 6 lines.

114. Helomyza atripennis, n. s. Mas. Fulva, scutello nigro, pec-
tore piceo, abdomine ferrugineo, alis nigris postice cinereis.

Male. Tawny. Antennae pale tawny, arista plumose ; thorax with two
slender, darker, almost obsolete stripes; scutellum black; pectus
piceous; abdomen ferruginous; wings black, cinereous along the
hind border for more than half its length from the base, veins as in
the preceding species. Length of the body 2|- lines ; of the wings
5 lines.

115. Helomyza restituta, n. s. Fosm. Testacea, abdomine punctis
sex nigris, alis cinereis apice nigricantibus venis transversis nigricante
nebulosis.

Female. Testaceous. Third, fourth, and fifth segments of the abdomen
with two black points on each fore border ; wings grey, with a slight
lurid tinge towards the costa, blackish at the tips, transverse veins
clouded with blackish, veins with the usual structure. Length of the
body 2^ lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

Gten. Detomyza, Fallen.

116. Dryomyza semicyanea, n. s. Fcem. Ferruginea, vertice piceo,
antennis fulvis, thorace cyanescente, abdomine cyaneo basi ferrugineo,
pedibus testaceis, alis subcinereis apud costam luridis.

Female. Ferruginous. Vertex piceous, face slightly covered with
whitish tomentum ; antennae tawny, arista very minutely pubescent ;
thorax tinged with blue ; abdomen blue, tawny at the base ; legs
testaceous ; wings greyish, lurid along the costa, veins tawny, prae-
brachial vein forming a very slight angle where it joins the discal
transverse, with a slight curve from thence to its tip, praebrachial
transverse stout, slightly clouded, discal transverse straight, upright,
parted by much less than half its length from the border and by a

ilO ■VVALEER ON DIPTERA OF ARU ISLANDS.

little more than its length from the praebrachial transverse ; halteres
testaceous. Length of the body 3^-4^ lines ; of the wings 7-^ lines.

Geu. Sepedon, Latr.

117. Sepedon costalis, n. s. .Mas. Cinerea, capite testaceo guttis
quatuor nigris, antennis nigris basi testaceis arista alba, abdoniine pe-
dibusque fulvis femoribus posticis denticulatis, alis fuscescenti-cine-
reis, costa testacea.

Male. Cinereous. Head testaceous, with a black dot on each side
above and two more towards the mouth ; antennae black, testa-
ceous at the base, second joint very long, arista white ; thorax with
four slender indistinct darker lines, pectus hoary ; abdomen and legs
tawny, tarsi piceous, hind femora denticulated ; wings brownish cine-
reous, slightly testaceous along the costa; halteres testaceous. Length
of the body 4}^ lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

Subfam. Laxjxanides, Walk.
Gen. Latjxania, Zatr.

118. Lauxania duplicans, n. s. Fcem. Nigro-cyanea, antennis pi-
ceis, articulo tertio longissimo, tarsis basi albidis, tibiis intermediis
sordide albidis, alis limpidis.

Female. Blackish-blue, shining. Antennse piceous, third joint very
long, reddish beneath, arista bare j legs black, tarsi whitish towards
the base, middle tibiae dingy whitish ; wings limpid, veins pale, discal
transverse vein white, parted by a little less than its length from the
border and by nearly twice its length from the praebrachial trans-
verse ; halteres white. Length of the body 2-2^ lines ; of the wings
3-4 lines.

119. Lauxania minuens, n. s. Fcsm. Nigra, uitens, antennis longis
arista nuda, tarsis albidis, alis sublimpidis, halteribus albis.

Female. Black, shining. Third joint of the antennae long, arista bare ;
tarsi whitish; wings very slightly greyish, veins pale, of the usual
structure; halteres white. Length of the body 1} line ; of the wings
2| lines.

Gen. Lo]S"CHiEA, Fallen.

120. LoNCH^A? INOPS, n. s. Mas et Fcem. Nigra, nitens, antennis
piceis arista plumosa, scutello ferrugineo, tibiis, tarsis halteribusque
fulvis, alis subcinereis.

Male and Female. Black, shining. Antenna3 piceous, third joint short,
arista plumose ; scutellum somewhat ferruginous ; tibiae, tarsi, and
halteres tawny ; wings slightly greyish, veins pale, discal transverse
vein parted by much less than its length from the border and by
nearly twice its length from the flexure of the praebrachial. Length
of the b.ody 1^ line ; of the wings 3 lines.

WALKER ON DIPTEllA OE ATIUJ ISLANDS. Ill

Subfam. Ortaltdes, Haliday.
Gen. Lamprogaster, Macg^.

121. Lamprogaster auADRiLiNEA, n. s. Mas et Foem. Cyaneo-
viridis; capite pedibusque nigris; antennis piceis, basi rufis ; thorace
vittis quatuor albidis ; abdomine purpureo-cyaneo ; alis limpidis, litura
basali, fasciis duabiis (prima abbreviata, secuiida interrupta) strigaque
costali apicali nigris.

Male and Female. Bluish green. Head black ; proboscis red at the
tip ; antennae piceous, red at the base ; thorax with two whitish stripes
on each side; abdomen purpHsh blue; legs black, tarsi with pale
tomentum towards the base ; wings hmpid, two black streaks, one
basal including a limpid dot, the other apical, first band oblique,
extending from the costa to the disk, second widely interrupted in
the middle, its hind part occupying the discal transverse vein ; veins
black, testaceous along the costa ; prajbrachial vein forming a slight
angle at its junction with the discal transverse, the latter parted by
not more than one-fourth of its length from the border, and by more
than its length from the pra^brachial transverse. Length of the body
3^-4^ lines; of the wings 7-9 lines.

122. Lamprogaster marginifera, n. s. Fosm. Testacea; capite
maculis duabus fasciaque nigro-aeneis ; thoracis disco nigro-aeneo, vittis
tribus testaceis, vittis duabus lateralibus albidis, scutelli margine tes-
taceo; abdominis dorso nigro-aeneo; alis limpidis, fasciis plurimis fuscis.

Female. Testaceous. Head with tw^o blackish aeneous spots on the
vertex, and with a blackish aeneous band in front ; mouth and an-
tennae tawny ; disk of the thorax blackish aeneous, with three testa-
ceous stripes which are united in front, the middle one slender, the
lateral pair united on the border of the scutellum, a whitish stripe on
each side ; abdomen blackish aeneous above ; wings limpid, with eight
or nine irregular brovna bands; veins black, testaceous along the costa;
discal transverse vein parted by much less than its length from the
border, and by about its length from the praebrachial transverse.
Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 9 lines.

123. Lamprogaster DELECTANS,n. s. Fo2m. Ferruginea; capite tes-
taceo, postice albido, vertice luteo fasciis duabus nigris, vittis quatuor
anticis antennisque nigris; thorace vittis septem et metathoracis
fascia albidis ; abdomine cyaneo-viridi, basi discoque fulvis ; pedibus
nigricantibus, femoribus testaceis apice nigris; alis sublimpidis, costa,
striga obliqua subcostali guttaque marginali nigricantibus.

Female. Ferruginous. Head testaceous, whitish behind; vertex lu-
teous, blackish in front and behind; fore part with four blackish
stripes; antennaj blackish; thorax with seven whitish stripes, the
middle one broad, the inner pair very slender, the second pair broad,
the third pair lateral ; abdomen bluish green, slightly varied with

LINN. PROC. — ZOOLOGY. 8

112 WALKEll ON DIPTEEA OF A.UV ISLANDS.

purple, base and fore part of the disk tawny ; legs blackish ; femora
testaceous, with black tips ; wings nearly limpid, with a slight lurid
tinge in the discal areolet, blackish along the costa, and with a
blackish oblique streak which extends from the costa along the pra;-
brachial transverse vein ; a blackish dot on the hind end of the discal
transverse vein ; veins black, discal transverse vein parted by about
one-fourth of its length from the border, and by a little more than
its length from the prsebrachial transverse which is very oblique; alulae
white ; halteres testaceous, with black knobs. Length of the body
5 lines ; of the wings 9 lines.

124. Lamprogaster scuTELLARis, n. s. Mas. Subcinereo-nigra ;
oculis albido submarginatis ; thorace vittis tribus cinereis, vittis duabus
lateralibus, scutelli subquadrati margine, tibiis interraediis tarsisque
albidis ; alis nigricantibus, fasciis duabus integris duabusque maculari-
bus incompletis albidis.

Male. Black, with a slight cinereous tinge ; eyes partly bordered
with whitish ; third joint of the antennae elongate-conical ; arista
plumose, the bristles few; thorax with three indistinct cinereous
stripes, and with two whitish lateral stripes ; scutellum nearly qua-
drate, with a whitish border ; middle tibiae, knees and tarsi whitish,
the latter with black tips ; wings blackish, whitish at the base, and
with four whitish bands, first and third bands entire, second and
fourth macular, very irregular and incomplete ; veins black ; discal
transverse vein straight, parted by about one-fourth of its length
from the border, and by hardly more than its length from the prae-
brachial transverse. Length of the body 2 lines; of the wings
4 lines.

This species has some resemblance to the genus Platy stoma, and differs
rather from the characters of Lamprogaster ; it and the two following
species, which are still more aberrant, will probably be considered as
three new genera.

125. Lamprogaster CELYPHOiDES, n. s. Mas et Foem. Atra,nitens,
brevis, lata ; capite, antennis pedibusque testaceis ; abdomine nigro-
cyaneo ; alis limpidis, strigis transversis subcostalibus fuscescentibus.

Male and Female. Deep black, shining, short, broad. Head testaceous,
face transverse ; antennae testaceous, third joint elongate-conical ;
arista bare ; abdomen blackish blue, second segment very large, third
and following not visible; legs testaceous; wings limpid, with four
transverse pale brown subcostal streaks ; discal transverse vein parted
by less than half its length from the border, and by less than its
length from the flexure of the praebrachial ; halteres testaceous.
Length of the body 2-2^ lines ; of the wings 4^ lines.

126. Lamprogaster tetyroides, n. s. Mas. Atra, nitens, bre-
vissima, latissima ; capite transverso, subruguloso ; thorace scitissime
punctato ; abdomine cyaneo ; tarsis flavis ; alis nigris albido punctatis
apud marginem posticum obscure cinereis.

WALKER ON DIPTERA OP ARU ISLANDS. 113

Male. Deep black, shining, very short and broad. Head transverse,
slightly rugulose; third joint of the antennae conical; arista thinly
plumose; thorax very finely punctured; scutellum almost semicir-
cular ; abdomen blue, smooth ; tarsi yellow ; wings black, dark grey
towards the hind border, with whitish points towards the costa; discal
transverse vein parted by about its length from the border and by
more than its length from the prsebrachial transverse. Length of the
body 2^ lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

Gen, Platystoma, Latr.

127. PlatyvStoma fusifacies, n. s. Mas et Foem. Cinerea; capita
postice et apud oculos albo; vertice pallide luteo (mas) aut rufo
(foem.) ; facie plana, fusiformi, subargentea ; anteanis piceis ; thoracis
vittis tribus peetoreque canis ; abdomine conico punctis albis ; alis
iimpidis, guttis transversis interioribus fasciisque exterioribus nigri-
cantibus.

Male and Female, Cinereous. Head white hindward and about the
eyes, black and shining towards the mouth ; vertex pale luteous in
the male, red in the female ; face flat, fusiform, somewhat silvery ;
antennae piceous, third joint long, slender, linear, arista plumose;
thorax with three hoary stripes, the middle one much broader than
the lateral pair; pectus hoary; abdomen conical, with numerous
white points ; wings limpid, with blackish dots towards the base, and
with four exterior blackish bands, two of which are dilated towards
the costa, and there contain some limpid dots; veins black, discal
transverse vein straight, parted by about one-fourth of its length from
the border, and by more than its length from the praebrachial trans-
verse ; halteres whitish. Length of the body 3|-5 lines ; of the wings
8-10 lines.

128. Platystoma multivitta, n. s. Mas. Cinerea; capite postice
et apud oculos albo, vertice luteo, facie et antennis fulvis ; thoracis
vittis octo peetoreque canis ; abdominis segmentis cano fasciatis ;
ventre ferrugineo ; pedibus nigris ; alis Iimpidis, fasciis quatuor stri-
gisque interioribus nigricantibus.

Male. Cinereous. Head white behind and about the eyes, vertex luteous ;
face and antennae tawny, third joint of the latter long, slender, linear ;
arista very slightly plumose ; thorax with eight hoary stripes ; pectus
hoary; abdomen with a hoary band on the fore border of each seg-
ment ; legs black ; wings limpid, with four blackish bands, and with
some blackish marks nearer the base ; two blackish streaks between
the first and second bands ; veins black ; discal transverse vein straight,
parted by one-fourth of its length from the border, and by very much
more than its length from the praebrachial transverse ; halteres black.
Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

8*

114 WALKEE ON DIPTERA OF ARU ISLANDS.

Gen. Dacus, Fahr.

12.9. Dacus EXPANDBNS, n. s. Fcem. Fulvus, latiusculus ; antennarum
articulo tertio piceo angusto linear! longissimo ; abdomine vitta tenui
nigricante ; alis limpidis, costa vittaque postica fuscescentibiis.

Female. Tawny, rather broad, very slightly covered with hoary tomen-
tura, which forms stripes on the thorax and indistinct bands on the
abdomen ; third joint of the antenna? piceous, slender, linear, very
long ; arista bare ; abdomen with a slender blackish stripe ; wings
limpid, brownish along the costa, and with a short oblique brownish
stripe extending from the base to the interior border; veins black,
discal transverse vein oblique, parted by full one-fourth of its length
from the border, and by more than its length from the praebrachial
transverse ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 4 lines ; of the
wings 8 lines.

130. Dacus pectoralis, n. s. Fosm. Cinereo-niger ; capite fulvo,
facie guttis duabus nigris ; antennarum articulo tertio piceo angusto
lineari longissimo ; callis duabus humeralibus, fasciis duabus obliquis
pectoraUbus lateralibus, scutello tarsisque testaceis ; thoracis vittis
tribus abdominisque una canis ; pedibus fulvis piceo cinctis ; alis lim-
pidis, costa vittaque postica fuscescentibus.

Female. Black, slightly covered with cinereous tomentum. Head
tawny, with two small black dots on the face; third joint of the
antennae piceous, slender, linear, very long, arista bare ; thorax with
three indistinct hoary stripes ; humeral calli, an oblique band on each
side of the pectus, scutellum and tarsi, testaceous; abdomen with
one hoary stripe ; legs tawny, with diffuse piceous bands ; wings
limpid, brownish along the costa, and with a short oblique brownish
stripe, extending from the base to the interior border ; veins black ;
discal transverse vein parted by less than one-fourth of its length
from the border, and by a little more than its length from the prae-
brachial transverse ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 3f lines ;
of the wings 71 lines.

131. Dacus lattfascia, n. s. Fosm. Niger; capite postice et apud
oculos albido ; antennarum articulo tertio vix longo ; thoracis fascia,
metathorace pectorisque fasciis duabus obliquis canis ; abdomine
cyaneo ; femoribus albidis apice nigris ; alis albo-limpidis, costa atra,
fasciis duabus latissimis nigris ; halteribus testaceis.

Female. Black. Head whitish behind and about the eyes ; third joint
of the antennae linear, round at the tip, hardly long, arista plumose ;
thorax with a band on the hind border of the scutum ; metathorax
and an oblique band on each side of the pectus hoary; abdomen
blue; coxae and femora whitish, the latter with black tips; wings
limpid white, deep black along the costa, and with two very broad
black bauds ; veins black ; discal transverse vein very oblique, parted

WALKER ON DIPTERA OE ABU ISLANDS. 115

by about one-sixth of its length from the border, and by little more
than half its length from the prsebrachial transverse ; halteres tes-
taceous. Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

132. Dacus mutilloi'des, n. s. Fcem. Rufescens ; capite nigro, pos-
tice et apud oculos albo ; antennarum articulo tertio angusto linear!
longissimo; thoracis vittis tribus, pectoris fasciis duabus obliquis
lateralibus abdominisque fasciis duabus (secunda interrupta) albis,
abdominis dimidio postico nigro-aeneo; pedibus piceis; alis sublim-
pidis, costae apice venisque transversis nigro nebulosis; halteribus
albidis.

Female. Reddish. Head black, white behind and about the eyes and
on the grooves of the face ; antennae black, reddish at the base, third
joint slender, linear, very long, arista bare, rather stout ; thorax with
three whitish stripes ; pectus with a more distinct oblique white
band on each side; metathorax whitish; abdomen aeneous, pubes-
cent, finely punctured, reddish and slightly contracted towards the
base, with two white bands, the second widely interrupted; oviduct
long, lanceolate; legs piceous; wings nearly limpid, clouded with
black at the tip of the costa and on the praebrachial transverse vein,
hardly clouded on the discal transverse vein; veins black; discal
transverse vein straight, parted by about one-fourth of its length
from the border, and by much more than its length from the prae-
brachial transverse ; halteres whitish. Length of the body 5 lines ;
of the wings 8 lines.

133. Dacus longivitta, n. s. Mas. iEneo-viridis, subpubescens,
subtilissime punctatus ; capite nigro apud oculos albido, epistomate
ferrugineo, antennarum articulo tertio longo linear! ; thorace sub-
vittato ; pedibus nigris, femoribus ferrugineis ; alis subcinereis, costa
vittaque apud venam praebrachialem nigris ; halteribus piceis.

Male. iEneous green, with slight hoary tomentum, very finely punc-
tured. Head black, whitish about the eyes; epistoma ferruginous,
prominent ; antennae black, ferruginous at the base, third joint long,
linear, conical at the tip ; arista bare ; thorax with an indistinct broad
hoary stripe ; abdomen compressed, nearly linear ; legs black ; femora
ferruginous ; wings slightly greyish, black along the costa and with a
black stripe which extends along the praebrachial vein to the discal
transverse vein ; veins black ; discal transverse vein straight, oblique,
parted by a little more than half its length from the border, and by
very much more than its length from the praebrachial transverse;
halteres piceous. Length of the body 4-6 lines; of the wings 5-7
lines.

134. Dacus lativentris, n. s. F(Bm. Nigro-viridis, subtihssime
punctatus ; capite piceo apud oculos albido ; antennis fulvis, articulo
tertio sublanceolato ; abdomine brevi, lato ; pedibus nigris, femoribus
anticis fulvis ; alis subcinereis, costa vittaque apud venam praebra-

116 WALKER OK DIPTEBA OF AUU ISLANDS.

chialem nigris, rena discali transversa nigricante nebulosa ; halteribus
albidis.
Female. Blackish green, very minutely punctured. Head piceous,
whitish about the eyes; epistoma ferruginous, slightly prominent;
antennae tawny, third joint rather long, somewhat lanceolate, arista
bare ; abdomen nearly round, broader than the thorax ; legs black,
fore femora tawny ; wings very slightly greyish, black along the costa
to the tip of the prsebrachial vein, with a black stripe along the
praebrachial vein to the discal transverse vein, and with a blackish
tinge about the discal transverse vein and along the adjoining part of
the hind border; veins black, discal transverse straight, vein parted
by less than half its length from the border, and by very much more
than its length from the praebrachial transverse ; halteres whitish.
Length of the body 2 lines ; of the wings 4 lines.

135. Dacus odtrudens, n. s. Mas, Nigro-viridis, subtilissime punc-
tatus ; capite nigro apud oculos albido ; antennis piceis basi rufes-
centibus, articulo tertio lineari longissimo ; abdomiae lineari maculis
duabus lateralibus testaceis ; pedibus nigris, femoribus apice tarsisque
posticis basi fulvis ; alis subcinereis, costa, apice maculaque apud
venam transversam discalem nigricantibus ; halteribus albis.

Male. Dark green, very minutely punctured. Head black, whitish
about the eyes, ferruginous towards the epistoma ; antennae piceous,
reddish towards the base ; third joint linear, very long, arista bare ;
abdomen linear, compressed, with a testaceous spot on each side
before the middle ; legs black, femora tawny towards the tips, hind
tarsi tawny at the base ; wings slightly greyish, blackish along the
costa and at the tips, and about the transverse veins; veins black,
tawny at the base ; discal transverse vein straight, oblique, parted by
about half its length from the border, and by a little more than its
length from the praebrachial transverse ; halteres white. Length of
the body 4 lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

136. Dacus pompiloides, n. s. Mas. Niger; capite albido, episto-
mate ferrugineo ; antennis piceis basi rufis, articulo tertio longo lineari ;
abdomine nigro-cyaneo ; pedibus piceis ; alis subcinereis, striga costali
basali, fascia tenui postice abbreviata et triente apicali strigam sub-
cineream includente nigricantibus ; halteribus albis.

Male. Black. Head with whitish tomentum, epistoma ferruginous,
prominent ; antennae piceous, red at the base, third joint long, linear,
arista bare ; abdomen linear, blackish blue, longer than the thorax ;
legs piceous; wings slightly greyish, with a blackish costal streak
extending from the base, with a slender blackish band which is abbre-
viated hindward, and with more than one-third of the apical part
blackish and including a slightly greyish streak ; veins black, discal
transverse vein straight, oblique, parted by a little less than its length
from the border and by about its length from the praebrachial trans-

WALKEK ON DIPTERA OF AEU ISLANDS. 117

verse ; halteres white. Length of the body 3^ lines ; of the wings
6 lines.

Gen. Beea, n. g.

Platystomae affinis. Fades lata. AntennoB breves; artieulus tertius
longiconicus ; arista nuda. Femora intermedia inerassata, denticulata.

Allied to Platy stoma. Face broad ; antennae short, third joint elongate-
conical; arista bare; middle femora incrassated, denticulated beneath.

137. Brea discalis, n. s. Mas. Nigra; capite testaceo apud oculos
albido, fronte ochracea ; antennis piceis basi rufescentibus ; thorace
vitta lata cana ; abdomine fulvo, disco nigro cupreo ; pedibus fulvis,
femoribus anticis apice tibiisque antieis basi nigris ; alis sublimpidis,
fascia media lata postice abbreviata guttam limpidam subcostalem
includente lineaque transversa exteriore nigricantibus ; halteribus
testaceis.

Male. Black. Head testaceous, whitish about the eyes, front ochra-
ceous ; antennae piceous, reddish at the base ; thorax with a broad
hoary stripe ; abdomen tawny, with a blackish cupreous disk ; legs
tawny, fore femora at the tips and fore tibiae at the base black ; wings
nearly limpid, with a broad middle blackish band, which is abbre-
viated hindward and includes a limpid dot by the costa, and has
beyond it a blackish transverse line ; veins black, testaceous towards
the base ; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by half its
length from the border, and by much more than its length from the
prsebrachial transverse; halteres testaceous. Length of the body
4 lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

138. Brpa contraria, n. s. Mas et Fcem. Nigra ; capite fulvo apud
oculos albido, fronte ochracea ; antennis rufescentibus ; thorace vitta
cana ; abdomine purpureo apice cyaneo ; pedibus nigris, femoribus
anticis tarsisque testaceis ; alis sublimpidis, fascia lata media postice
abbreviata, guttis interioribus lineaque transversa exteriore nigri-
cantibus.

Male and Female. Black. Head tawny, whitish about the eyes; an-
tennae reddish ; thorax with a hoary stripe ; sides and pectus also
hoary ; abdomen purple, blue towards the tip ; legs black ; tarsi and
fore femora testaceous ; wings nearly limpid, with a broad blackish
middle band which is abbreviated hindward, with some interior blackish
dots, and with an exterior transverse blackish line; veins black;
discal transverse vein straight, parted by less than half its length from
the border, and by less than its length from the prsebrachial trans-
verse ; halteres black. Length of the body 3-3| lines ; of the wings
6-7 lines.

Gen. Adeama, n. g.

Mas. Corpus longiusculum. Caput thorace vix latius, setis duabus
posticis erectis. Aniennce sat lougae ; artieulus tertius linearis, apice

118 WALKEE ON DTPTEEA OF AEU ISLANDS.

conicus; arista pubescens. Abdomen sublineare, thorace longius et
an^ustius. Pedes mediocres j femora posteriora spinis minutis armata.
AlcB sat longae.
Male. Body rather long. Head transverse, hardly broader than the
thorax, with two erect setae on the hind part of the vertex ; face
vertical ; epistoma shghtly prominent. Antennae nearly reaching the
epistoma ; third joint long, linear, conical at the tip j arista pubes-
cent. Abdomen almost linear, longer and narrower than the thorax.
Legs moderately long and slender; posterior femora with minute
spines beneath. Wings rather long ; discal transverse vein straight,
upright, parted by hardly half its length from the border, and by
rather more than its length from the prabrachial transverse.

139. Adrama selecta, n. s. Mas. Testacea; capite guttis tribus
nigris ; thorace disco antico vittisque duabus posterioribus nigris ;
tibiis tarsisque anticis piceis, tibiis posticis subpiceis ; alls subfusces-
centibus, fascia lata limpida nigricante marginata postice abbreviata.

Male. Testaceous. Head with a black dot above the antennae and one
on each side of the epistoma ; thorax with the fore part of the disk
black, and with two hindward black stripes ; fore tibiae and fore tarsi
piceous ; hind tibiae somewhat piceous ; vdngs slightly brownish, with
two blackish bands, the first on the praebrachial transverse vein, abbre-
viated hindward, the second on the discal transverse vein, abbreviated
in front, intermediate space limpid, veins testaceous, black towards
the tips ; halteres pale testaceous. Length of the body 4^ lines ; of
the wings 8 lines.

Gen. Oetalis, Fallen.

140. Ortalis prompta, n. s. Fcem. Nigro-viridis ; capite piceo apud
oculos albido ; antennis rufescentibus ; thorace vitta abdomineque
fasciis cinereis ; pedibus nigris ; alis limpidis, vittis tribus nigris, prima
postice abbreviata, secunda tertiaque latis ; halteribus albidis.

Female. Blackish green. Head piceous, whitish about the eyes ; epi-
stoma somewhat prominent; antennae reddish, third joint somewhat
lanceolate, piceous towards the tip; arista bare; thorax with a cine-
reous stripe; sides and pectus also cinereous; abdomen with two
cinereous bands ; legs black ; wings limpid white, slightly cinereous
towards the base, with three black bands, the first abbreviated hind-
ward, the second and third very broad ; veins black, discal transverse
vein curved inward, parted by much less than its length from the
border and by a little less than its length from the praebrachial trans-
verse; halteres whitish. Length of the body 3^ lines; of the wings
6 lines,

141. Ortalis complens, n. s. Mas et Fam. Nigro-viridis; capite
antennisque testaceis, articulo tertio brevi, arista plumosa ; abdomine
atro ; pedibus testaceis, femoribus nigris ; alis albo Umpidis, strigis

WALKEE ON DIPTEBA OF ARU ISLANDS. 119

duabus apiceque nigro-cinereis, fasciis tribus satis nigricantibus ; hal-
teribus albis. Mas. Vertice luteo postice nigro, femoribus apice
testaceis, alarum fasciis subconnexis. Fcem. Vertice nigro, tibiis
nigris, posticis basi testaceis.
Male and Female. Blackish green. Head testaceous; antennae tes-
taceous, third joint short, conical ; arista plumose ; abdomen deep
black ; legs testaceous ; femora black ; wings limpid white, with three
broad blackish stripes, the second emitting a branch from its outer
side to the costa, a streak connected with the outer side of the third
band, and the tips blackish cinereous; discal transverse vein straight,
parted by much less than its length from the border, and by a little
more than its length from the prsebrachial transverse ; halteres white.
Male. Vertex luteous, black hindward ; femora with testaceous tips;
bands of the wings partly connected. Female. Vertex black ; tibiae
black, the hind pair testaceous towards the base. Length of the
body 1^-2 lines ; of the wings 3-4 lines.

Gren. Tetpeta, Meigen.

142. Trypeta multistriga, n. s. Fcem. Testacea; thorace pecto-
reque nigro-strigatis ; abdomine maculis quatuor lateralibus anteri-
oribus fascia lata apiceque nigris ; femoribus posterioribus nigro
vittatis ; alis nigricantibus basi marginal! maculis guttisque albis.

Female. Testaceous. Third joint of the antennae short, conical; arista
plumose ; thorax with black bristles on each side, with eight black
streaks, four in front, of which the middle pair are very short, four
hindward, the middle pair short, the outer pair connected in front of
the scutellum, two lateral black streaks ; pectus with a black inter-
rupted streak on each side; disk also black; abdomen with two
transverse black spots on each side towards the base, and with a
broad black band ; oviduct black, flat, lanceolate, obtuse at the tip ;
posterior femora striped with black ; wings blackish, limpid for a
space from the base along the costa and along the hind border, and
with twelve white marks of various size, four discal, eight marginal ;
discal transverse vein nearly straight, parted by one-fourth of its
length from the border, and by about its length from the praebrachial
transverse. Length of the body 3^ lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

143. Trypeta dorsigutta, n. s. Mas. Atra; capite piceo vitta tes-
tacea, subtus albo ; antennis testaceis ; thorace cinereo punctis late-
ralibus albis, pectore albido ; abdominis segmentis testaceo marginatis ;
tibiis albido fasciatis, tarsis albidis ; alis albo-limpidis, strigis basalibus
fasciisque duabus latis nigricantibus, prima antice furcata ; halteribus
albis.

Male. Deep black. Head piceous, with cinereous tomentum, white
behind and beneath, a testaceous stripe on the vertex ; antennae tes-
taceous, black at the base, third joint conical, white at the base.

120 WALKER ON DIPTEllA OF AllU ISLANDS.

arista plumose j thorax with cinereous tomentum, white points along
each side ; pectus whitish ; hind borders of the abdominal segments
testaceous with cinereous tomentum; tibiae with a dingy whitish
band ; tarsi dingy whitish ; wings limpid white, with several blackish
marks towards the base and with two broad blackish bands, the first
forked in front ; discal transverse vein nearly straight, parted by less
than its length from the border, and by more than twice its length
from the praebrachial transverse ; halteres white. Length of the
body 2^ lines ; of the wings 4 lines.

144. Trypeta basalis, n. s. Mas. Nigra, nitens ; capite antennisque
fulvis, vertice maculis duabus piceis ; abdomine basi pedibusque tes-
taceis ; alis limpidis, striga basali, fasciis tribus costaque apicali
nigricantibus ; halteribus testaceis.

Male. Black, slender, shining. Head tawny, with two elongated piceous
spots on the vertex ; antennae tawny, third joint linear, rather long,
arista bare ; abdomen nearly fusiform, testaceous at the base ; legs
testaceous ; wings limpid, with a blackish oblique streak extending
from the base, with three blackish bands, and with a blackish costal
streak extending round the tip, first and third bands slender, second
broad, abbreviated like the first hindward; discal transverse vein
straight, parted by about one-fourth of its length from the border,
and by less than its length from the praebrachial transverse ; halteres
testaceous. Length of the body U line ; of the wings 3 lines.

145. Trypeta IMPLETA, n. s. Foem. Cinerea; capite albido ; anten-
narum articulo tertio albido apice nigro ; thorace vitta fusca, scutello
albidO; abdomine nigro ; pedibus albidis nigro fasciatis ; alis albis,
maculis plurimis nigricantibus ex parte confluentibus ; halteribus
albidis.

Female. Cinereous. Head whitish ; third joint of the antennae short,
conical, whitish, blackish at the tip, arista plumose ; thorax with a
brown stripe ; scutellum whitish ; abdomen black ; legs whitish, with
black bands ; wings white, with many blackish spots, some of them
confluent ; discal transverse vein straight, parted by much less than
its length from the border, and by a little less than its length from
the praebrachial transverse; halteres whitish. Length of the body
H line ; of the wings 3 lines.

146. Trypeta subocellifera, n. s. Mas. Cana ; antennis albidis ;
thorace guttis fuscis, scutelli margine albido ; abdomine fusco apicem
versus cano maculis fuscis ; pedibus albidis fusco fasciatis ; alis lim-
pidis, maculis nigricantibus pallido signatis ex parte confluentibus.

Male. Hoary. Antenna3 whitish, third joint short, conical, arista
plumose ; thorax with some slight brown dots ; scutellum brown,
hind borders of the scutellum white ; abdomen brown, hind borders
of the segments and apical part cinereous, the latter with brown dots ;
legs whitish, with brown bands ; wings hmpid, with several blackish

WALKEE ON DIPTERA OF AKU ISLANDS. 121

(lots containing pale marks, some of them confluent and forming a
middle band ; discal transverse vein straight, enclosed in a pale streak,
parted by much less than its length from the border and by much
more than its length from the prabrachial transverse; halteres
whitish. Length of the body 1^ hne ; of the wings 3 lines.

Subfam. Achiides, Walk.
Gren. AcHiAS, Fahr.

147. AcHiAS LONGiviDENS, n. s. Mus et FcBm. Viridi-cinerea ; capite
testaceo fasciis duabus vittisque tribus anticis nigris ; antennis nigris ;
thorace vittis quatuor purpureo-nigris, pectore ferrugineo ; abdomiue
viridi-fulvo ; pedibus piceis ; alis limpidis, costa lurido-nigricante, vena
transversa discali fusco nebulosa ; halteribus testaceis apice nigris.
Mas. Oculis longissime petiolatis, scutello viridi, femoribus basi fulvis.
Fcem, Oculis subpetiolatis, scutello nigro-purpureo.

Male and Female. Greenish cinereous. Head with two black bands on
the vertex and w ith four black stripes in front ; antennae black, third
joint linear, very long, arista plumose ; thorax with four purplish black
stripes, middle pair abbreviated hind ward and having behind them
a spot of the same hue, lateral pair interrupted ; pectus ferruginous ;
abdomen tawny, with bright green reflections, testaceous beneath;
legs piceous ; wings limpid, blackish, and with a lurid tinge along the
costa, whence a short oblique blackish streak proceeds by the prae-
brachial transverse vein ; discal transverse vein clouded with brown,
hardly curved, parted by less than one-third of its length from the
border, and by much more than its length from the prsebrachial
transverse, which is very oblique; halteres testaceous, with black
tips. Male. Head with the fore black band interrupted ; eyes with
very long petioles, the latter about three-fourths of the length of the
body ; scutellum green ; femora tawny towards the base. Female.
Eyes with short petioles, extending a little beyond the sides of the
thorax ; scutellum blackish purple. Length of the body 5-6 lines ;
of the wings 12-13 lines.

148. AcHiAS LATiviDENS, n. s. FcsM. Viridi-ciuerea ; capite testaceo,
vittis tribus anticis nigris, oculis subpetiolatis ; antennis nigris ; thorace
vittis quatuor purpureo-nigris, scutello cyaneo basi viridi, pectore fulvo ;
abdomine viridi-fulvo; pedibus nigris, femoribus basi luteis, tibiis
luteo fasciatis; alis subcinereis, vitta costali nigricante iuterrupta
lurida strigata, vena transversa discali fusco nebulosa ; halteribus tes-
taceis apice nigris.

Female. Greenish cinereous. Head testaceous, with three black stripes
on the face ; eyes very slightly petiolat^d ; antennae black ; thorax
with four purplish black stripes; scutellum blue, green at the base;
pectus tawny; abdomen tawny, with bright green reflections; legs
black ; femora luteous towards the base ; tibiae with indistinct luteous

122 WALKEB ON DIl'TEEA OF ARU ISLANDS.

bands; wings slightly greenish, with a blackish interrupted costal
stripe containing luteous streaks ; discal transverse vein clouded with
brown ; veins in structure like those of the preceding species ; hal-
teres testaceous, with black tips. Length of the body 6 lines; of the
wings 13 lines.
This species at first sight seems like a variety of the preceding one, but
the petioles of the eyes are shorter and thicker, the costal stripes of
the wings are interrupted, and the shade on the discal transverse
vein is more diffuse.

149. AcHiAS AMPLiviDENS, n. s. Foem. Fulva, subtus testacea ; oculis
extantibus non petiolatis; thorace submetallico,vittis quinque cinereis ;
abdomine purpureo basi testaceo, tibiis tarsisque nigris ; alis sub-
cinereis, costa nigro-fusca, venis transversis nigro-fusco nebulosis.

Female. Tawny, testaceous beneath. Head testaceous ; eyes very pro-
minent, but hardly petiolated ; antennae tawny ; thorax slightly
metallic, with five cinereous stripes, which are abbreviated hindward,
the inner pair slender ; abdomen purple, testaceous at the base ; legs
black ; coxse and femora testaceous, the latter with black tips ; wings
slightly greyish, costal stripe brown, blackish towards the tip ; prae-
brachial transverse vein clouded with blackish, discal transverse vein
clouded with a much paler hue than that of the prsebrachial trans-
verse vein, in structure like those of the two preceding sf)ecies;
halteres testaceous, with black tips. Length of the body 4^ lines;
of the wings 9 lines.

Subfam. ?

Gren. POLTAEA, n. g.

Mas. Corpus longiusculum. Caput transversum; facies lata, plana,
non obliqua. Palpi lati. Antennce parvae; articulus tertius longi-
conicus; arista plumosa. Thorax oblongo-subquadratus. Abdomen
sublineare, thorace multo longius et angustius. Pedes breves, tenues.
AlcB latiusculae ; venaj optime determinatse ; venae duae transversae inter
venas radialem et cubitalem ; vena praebrachialis apicem versus valde
flexa.

Male. Body rather long. Head transverse, a little broader than the
thorax; face broad, flat, vertical. Palpi broad. Antennae small;
third joint elongate-conical, not extending more than half the length
to the epistoma ; arista plumose. Thorax oblong-subquadrate. Ab-
domen nearly linear, much longer and more slender than the thorax.
Legs short, rather slender; fore femora somewhat setose beneath.
Wings rather broad, flat in repose ; veins very strongly marked ; a
transverse vein between the cubital and mediastinal veins ; two trans-
verse veins between the radial and cubital veins ; cubital vein slightly
angular between the pracbrachial transverse vein and the tip of the
wing ; praebrachial vein much curved tovv£U'ds its tip.

WALTCEB OK DTPTERA OF ABU ISLANDS. 123

The structure of the wing veins in this genus is very peculiar, and it
does not agree well with any of the established subfamilies of
Muscidce.

150. PoLYARA INSOLITA, n. 8. MttS. Tcstacca ; faciei sulcis albidis ;
abdomine lutescente fulvo; alis subcinereis, nig ricante-fusco sub-
marginatis et subfasciatis.

Male. Testaceous, })aler beneath. Facial grooves for the antenna?
whitish; thorax with some almost obsolete stripes, the middle pair
approximate, slender, somewhat more distinct than the others; ab-
domen somewhat lutescent-tawny ; wings slightly greyish, irregularly
blackish-brown along the costa, brown at the tips, and with a brown
band which is indistinct in front but much darker on the discal trans-
verse vein ; praebrachial vein largely bordered with brown ; veins
black, testaceous towards the base, discal transverse vein straight,
parted by about one-sixth of its length from the border, and by
rather less than half its length from the prajbrachial transverse ;
alulae very small. Length of the body 6^ lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

Subfam. Sepsides, Walk.
Gen. Angitula, n. g.

Fcem. Corpus convexum, glaberrimum, nitidissimum. Caput subro-
tundum ; epistoma valde prominens. Antennee epistoma non attin-
gentes ; articulus tertius longiusculus, linearis, apice conicus ; arista
subpubescens. Thorax anticus valde productus et attenuatus ; scu-
tellum bispinosum; metathorax magnus, declivis. Abdomen longi-
subfusiforme ; segmentum primum gibbosum. Pedes longi, graciles ;
coxaj auticai longissima3. Alee longse, angusta3 ; alulae obsoletae.

Female. Body convex, very smooth and shining. Head nearly round ;
front subquadrate; face short; epistoma very prominent. Mouth
short. Antennae not reaching the epistoma; third joint linear, rather
long, conical at the tip ; arista somewhat pubescent. Thorax much
produced and attenuated in front ; scutellum armed with two spines ;
metathorax slanting, well developed. Abdomen elongate-subfusiform,
longer and much more slender than the thorax ; first segment gibbous
above. Legs long, slender, without bristles ; fore coxae very long.
Wings long, narrow ; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted
by less than half its length from the border, and by nearly twice its
length from the praebrachial transverse.

151. Angitula longicollis, n. s. Fcem. Nigro-aenea; capite subtus
albido, frontis disco rufescente, fascia albida ; antennis piceis basi rufis ;
pedibus nigris, femoribus basi coxisque anticis albidis ; alis limpidis,
costa nigra.

Female. iEneous black. Head whitish beneath, front with a reddish
disk, face whitish. Antennae piceous, first and second joints red;

1^4 WALKER ON DTPTEBA OF ABIT ISLAIfDS.

legs black, bare ; femora towards the base and fore coxae whitish ;
wings limpid, with a black costal line extending to the tip of the
praebrachial vein; veins and halteres black. Length of the body
6 lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

Gen. Sepsis, Fallen.

152. Sepsis basifera, n. s. Mas et Foem. Nigra ; thorace nigro-seneo ;
tarsis, femoribus basi pedibusque anticis testaceis ; alis limpidis, costa
basi nigra. Mas. Metatarsis intermediis dilatatis, alis apice vix
nigricantibus. Fcum. Alis apice nigris.

Male and Female. Black, shining. Thorax aeneous black ; pectus
cinereous ; tarsi, femora at the base, and fore legs, pale testaceous ;
wings limpid ; costa at the base and veins black. Male. Basal joint
of the intermediate tarsi dilated; wings hardly blackish at the tips.
Female, Wings black at the tips. Length of the body 2-2^- lines ;
of the wings 3-3^ lines.

Gen. Calobata, Fahr.

153. Calobata albitarsis, Wied. Auss. Zweijl. /I. 544. 22.
Inhabits also Java and Australia.

154. Calobata indica, i>esv. Ess. Myod. T^l' 4. (Nerius).
Inhabits also Hindostan.

155. Calobata Abana, Walk. Cat. Dipt. pt. 4. 1054.

156. Calobata sepsoides, n. s. F(Bm. Nigra; antennis ferrugineis,
articulo tertio conico brevi, arista nuda ; pedibus testaceis nigricante
subnotatis, femoribus anticis nigris basi testaceis, tibiis anticis nigris,
tarsis anticis niveis, posticis albidis ; alis subcinereis, fasciis duabus
indistinctis fuscescentibus.

Female. Black, shining. Antennae ferruginous, third joint short, conical,
arista bare ; pectus slightly covered with cinereous tomentum ; legs
testaceous, with a few very indistinct blackish marks; fore femora
black, testaceous towards the base ; fore tibiae black ; fore tarsi snow-
white, black at the base ; hind tarsi whitish ; wings greyish, with two
almost obsolete brownish bands ; discal transverse vein parted by less
than its length from the border and by about four times its length
from the praebrachial transverse. Length of the body 5 lines ; of the
wings 7 lines.

Gen. Caediacephala, Macq.

157. Cardiacephala. DEBiLis, U.S. FcEOT. Tcstacea, gracilis ; thoracc
linea transversa interrupta nigra ; pedibus anticis parvis, posterioribus
longis, tarsis albis brevissimis, tibiis anterioribus piceis ; alis limpidis
apice cinereis, fascia lata pallide lutea.

Female. Testaceous, slender. Vertex somewhat luteous ; third joint of

WALKEB ON DIPTEKA or AHIT ISLANDS. 125

the antennae conical, very short, arista bare; thorax attenuated in
front, with a transverse inteiTupted black line hindward ; abdomen
longer than the thorax, lanceolate hindward ; fore legs short, posterior
legs long ; tarsi white, very short ; anterior tibial piceous ; middle
femora rather thicker than the hind pair ; wings limpid, grey towards
the tips, with a pale luteous middle band ; veins testaceous, cubital
and praebrachial converging towards the tips of the wings, discal
transverse vein straight, parted by less than its length from the border
and by about thrice its length from the preebrachial transverse.
Length of the body 3^ lines j of the wings 5 lines.

Subfam. Psilides, Walk.
G-en. LissA, Meigen.

158. LissA CYLiNDRicA, n. s. Mas. Cyanea, gracilis, cylindrica ;
antennis piceis basi albidis, arista plumosa; abdomine piceo basi
apiceque cyaneis ; pedibus albidis, femoribus posterioribus nigris apice
albidis, femoribus posticis subtus spinosis, tibiis posticis nigris ; alis
subcinereis apice subftiscis ; halteribus albidis apice nigris.

Male. Blue, slender, cylindrical. Head broader than the thorax ; an-
tennae whitish, third joint piceous, arista plumose ; abdomen piceous,
slightly increasing in breadth to the tip, blue at the base and at the
tip, hind borders of the first and second segments whitish -, legs
whitish, posterior femora black, whitish at the base and towards the
tips, hind femora spinose beneath, hind tibiae black ; wings slightly
greyish, brownish towards the tips; veins black, praebrachial and
perbrachial very near together for more than half their length, discal
transverse vein straight, parted by more than its length, and by about
four times its length from the praebrachial transverse; halteres
whitish, with black tips. Length of the body 3-^- lines ; of the wings
5 lines.

Gen. Neeiijs, Fahr.

159. Nerius duplicatus, Wied. Auss. Zweijl. li. 553. 8.
Inhabits also Java.

Subfam. Oscinides, Haliday.
Gen. OsciNis, Fair.

160. OsciNis LiNEiPLENA, n. s. Mas. Fusca; capite subtus testaceo
apud oculos albo, vitta frontali alba ; thorace pectoreque lineis sex
albidis ; abdomine sordide testaceo, pedibus albidis, tibiis tarsisque
apice femoribusque anticis nigris ; alis subcinereis, halteribus albidis.

Male. Brown. Head testaceous in front and beneath, w^hite about the
eyes, with a white stripe on the front ; thorax and pectus with six
whitish stripes on each, thorax with an indistinct middle testaceous

126 WALKEB 0T7 DTPTERA OT AETJ ISLANDS.

stripe ; abdomen dull testaceous ; legs whitish ; tibiae and tarsi at the
tips and fore femora black ; wings greyish ; veins black, discal trans-
verse vein oblique, parted by more than its length from the border,
and by full twice its length from the praebrachial transverse ; halteres
whitish. Length of the body 2 lines ; of the wings 3 lines.

161. OsciNis NOCTiLux, n. s. Mas. Atra; capite pallide flavo subtus
albo ; antennis luteis, arista nuda ; scutello, maculis duabus pecto-
ralibus abdominisque apice albis ; tibiis tarsisque intermediis testaceis ;
alis nigricantibus postice cinereis, halteribus niveis.

Male. Black. Head pale yellow, black hindward, white beneath; an-
tennae pale luteous, third joint very short, arista bare ; scutellum
white ; pectus with a white spot on each side ; abdomen white at the
tip ; middle legs with testaceous tibiae and tarsi ; hind wings blackish,
cinereous hindward ; halteres snow-white. Length of the body I line ;
of the wings 1| line.

Subfam. GtEOMTZIDes, Fallen.
Gren. Deosopiiila, Fal

162. Drosophila? FiNiGUTTA, n. s. Mas. Fulva ; capite antice tes-
taceo, antennis testaceis, articulo tertio conico; abdomine maculis
quatuor apicalibus nigris, tarsis nigris ; alis cinereis venis nigris.

Male. Tawny. Head testaceous in front ; antennae testaceous, third
joint conical ; abdomen with two black spots on each side at the tip ;
legs testaceous; tarsi black; wings grey; veins black, discal trans-
verse vein straight, parted by full half its length from the border and
by full twice its length from the praebrachial transverse ; halteres
testaceous. Length of the body 1^ line ; of the wings 3 lines.

163. Drosophila? melanospila. Foem. Testacea; antennarum
articulo tertio conico, arista plumosa; thoracis disco abdominisque
guttis duabus apicalibus atris ; tarsis piceis ; alis subcinereis.

Female. Testaceous. Vertex luteous ; third joint of the antennae
conical ; arista plumose ; disk of the thorax and a dot on each side
of the tip of the abdomen deep black ; tarsi piceous ; wings slightly
greyish ; veins black, discal transverse vein straight, parted by about
half its length from the border and by twice its length from the prae-
brachial transverse. Length of the body 1 line ; of the wings 2 lines.

164. Drosophila? imparata. Foem. Pallide testacea; pedibus
pallidioribus ; alis subcinereis, venis pallidis.

Female. Pale testaceous, with a few bristles. Legs paler than the
body ; wings slightly greyish ; veins pale, discal transverse vein
straight, parted by about twice its length from the border and by
more than twice its length from the praebrachial transverse. Length
of the body | line ; of the wings 1| line.

WALKEE ON DIPTEBA OF AEU ISLANDS. 127

Subfam. Htdbomtzides, Raliday.
G-en. Ephtdea, Fallen.

165. Ephydra ? taciturn a, n. s. Fcem. Atra, nitens, antennis
nigris, arista plumosa, abdomine nigro-cupreo, pedibus nigro-piceis,
alls nigricantibus, veuis nigris.

Female. Deep black, shining. Antennae black, third joint linear, rather
long, arista plumose; legs blackish-piceous ; wings blackish j veins
black, discal transverse vein straight, parted by a little more than its
length from the border. Length of the body 1^ line; of the wings
2\ lines.

Fam. PHOEID^, Raliday.

Gen. Palluea, n. g.

Mas. Corpus latiusculum, pubescens. Os retractum. Oculi pubes-
centes. Antennm brevissimse ; arista longissima. Scutellum magnum,
conicum. Abdomen subellipticum, thorace non longius. " Pedes lati-
usculi, pubescentes, non setosi. Alee amplae, venis sequalibus.

Male. Body rather broad, pubescent. Proboscis small, withdrawn ;
eyes pubescent ; antennae very short, arista very long ; scutellum
large, conical, very prominent, extending beyond the base of the
abdomen ; abdomen nearly eUiptical, not longer than the thorax ;
legs rather broad, pubescent, without bristles; wings rather long
and broad ; veins of equal size, costal vein ending at rather before
half the length of the wing, radial ending at somewhat in front of
the tip of the wing, cubital ending at hardly in front of the tip,
praebrachial ending at a little behind the tip, pobrachial ending on
the hind border at half the length of the wing, discal transverse
vein straight, parted by more than twice its length from the border
and from the praebrachial transverse.

166. Pallura invaria. Mas. Lutea, immaculata, alis cinereis
basi luteis, apice nigricantibus, venis nigris robustis.

Male. Luteous, of one colour. Wings grey, luteous at the base,
blackish towards the tips ; veins black, robust. Length of the body
3 lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

Earn. HIPPOBOSCID^, Leach.
Gen. Oenithomyia, Leach.

167. Ornithomyia parva ?, Macq. Hist. Nat. Dipt. 11.2. 279. 3.

LINN. PEOC. — ZOOLOGY.

128 walker on diptera of aru islands.

Key Island.

Fam. ASILIDiE, Leach.

Subfam. Lapheites, Walk.

Gren. Laphria, Fabr.

1. Laphria paradisiaca, n. s. Mas. Ciiprea, aureo pilosa, capite
pectoreque argenteis albo pilosis, mystace subaurato setis nonnullis
nigris, abdomine apice purpureo subtus albido piloso, pedibus cyaneo-
purpureis albido pilosis, femoribus cyaneo-viiidibus, alis nigricantibus
basi cinereis, halteribus albidis nigro notatis.

Male. Cupreous, with gilded hairs. Head and pectus silvery, with
white hairs ; mystax slightly gilded, with a few long black bristles ;
antennae and mouth black; abdomen purple at the tip, underside
clothed with long whitish hairs, silvery white at the base, the follow-
ing segments bordered with silvery white; legs blue and purple,
thickly clothed with long whitish hairs, femora bluish-green, fore
tibiae with pale gilded down beneath, hind tibiae with a black bristly
apical tuft beneath ; wings blackish, grey towards the base ; halteres
whitish, marked with black. Length of the body 11 lines; of the
wings 20 lines.

2. Laphria placens, n. s. Mas. Cyanea, capite aurato, mystace
setis paucis longis nigris ; antennis nigris, articulo tertio fusiformi ;
pectore albido, abdomine angusto, femoribus intus tibiisque purpureis ;
alis nigricantibus basi cinereis, halteribus piceis.

Male. Blue. Head gilded in front, whitish behind; mystax with a
few long black bristles ; proboscis and antennae black, third joint of
the latter fusiform ; pectus whitish ; abdomen cylindrical, much nar-
rower than the thorax, and about twice its length; femora on the
inner side and tibiae purple, tarsi black ; wings blackish, cinereous
towards the base ; halteres piceous. Length of the body 4^- lines ;
of the wings 8 lines.

Subfam. Asilites, Walk.
Gen. AsiLiJS, Linn.

3. AsiLus SUPERVENIENS, u. s. Mtts. Cincrcus, capite subaurato,
mystace aurato setis paucis nigris, thorace vittis tribus latissimis
nigris, abdomine fulvescenti-cinereo, pedibus rufescentibus, femoribus
nigro vittatis, tarsis nigris, alis cinereis apice nigricantibus, halteribus
testaceis.

Male. Cinereous. Head slightly gilded, pale cinereous, and clothed
with pale hairs behind; mystax composed of gilded bristles, above
which there are a few shorter black bristles ; antennae black, third
joint elongate-fusiform, arista much longer than the third joint ;
thorax with three very broad hardly divided black stripes ; abdomen

WALKEU ON DIPTERA OF ARF ISLANDS. 129

with a slight fawn-coloured tinge, tip black, sexualia very small ; legs
reddish, femora striped above with black, tarsi black, reddish at the
base ; wings cinereous, blackish towards the tips ; halteres testaceous.
Length of the body 8 lines; of the wings 14 lines.

G-en. Ommatitjs, IlUger.
4. Ommatius noctifer. Walk. See page 88.

Fam. EMPID^, Leach.
Gen. Htbos, Fahr,

6. Hybos deficiens, n. s. Mas. Niger, thorace fulvo globose ma-
cula dorsali nigra, abdomine basi fulvo, pedibus anterioribus testaceis,
feraoribus posticis subtus spinosis, alis cinereis apice obscurioribus,
stigmate venisque nigris, halteribus testaceis, apice piceis.

Male. Black. Thorax and pectus tawn}'^, the former globose, with a
black dorsal spot ; abdomen tawny at the base ; anterior legs tes-
taceous, hind femora spinose beneath ; wings grey, darker at the
tips ; stigma and veins black ; halteres testaceous, with pieeous tips.
Length of the body 2 lines ; of the wings 4 lines.

Fam. STRPBIDM, Leach.
Gen. Eeistalis, Latr.

6. Eristalis resolutus. Walk. See p. 95.

Gen. Baccha, Fahr.

7. Baccha purpuricola, n. s. Foem. Purpureo-fulva ; capite eha-
lybeo ; antennis rufis ; pedibus fulvis ; tibiis posticis apice tarsisque
posticis basi piceis ; alis nigricantibus, apud costam obscurioribus,
spatio apicali subcostali cinereo ; halteribus testaceis.

Female. Tawny, tinged with purple. Head chalybeous ; antennae red ;
legs tawny, hind tibiae pieeous towards the tips, hind tarsi pieeous
towards the base ; wings blackish, darker along the costa, cinereous
towards the tips with the exception of the costa ; halteres testaceous.
Length of the body 5^ lines ; of the wings 9 lines.

Fam. MUSCID^, Latr.

Subfam. Sarcophagides, Walk.

Gen. Sarcophaga, Meigen.

8. Sarcophaga basalis, n. s. Mas. Nigra, subaureo tomentosa;
capite aurato ; thorace vittis tribus nigris ; abdomine albido tessel-
lato ; alis cinereis ; venis lurido marginatis ; alulis testaceis.

9*

130 WALKEB ON DTPTEEA OF ABU ISLANDS.

Male. Black, with slightly gilded tomentum. Head gilded; frontalia
deep black, hardly widening in front ; thorax with three black stripes,
an indistinct blackish line on each side of the middle stripe ; abdomen
tessellated with white ; wings grey ; veins bordered with a lurid hue,
especially towards the costa; praebrachial vein forming a sHghtly acute
angle at its flexure, near which it is much curved inward, and is
thence straight to its tip ; discal transverse vein slightly curved inward
near its hind end, parted by a little more than half its length from
the border and from the praebrachial transverse ; alulae testaceous.
Length of the body 5| lines ; of the wings 9 lines.

Subfam. Mtjscides, Walk,
Gen. Idia, Meigen.

9. Idia xanthogaster, Wied. Auss. Zweifl. 11. 349. 2.
Inhabits also Hindostan and Java.

10. Idia testacea, Macq. Hist, Nat. Dipt. 77. 246. 3.
Inhabits also Mauritius.

Gen. MuscA, Linn.

11. Musca obtrusa. Walk. See p. 105.

Subfam. Anthomyides, Wal/c.
Gren. Aricia, Macq.

12. Aricia viCARiA, n.s. Fwm. Fulva, subtus testacea ; capite nigro,
apud oculos albo ; antennis testaceis ; alis cinereis, apud costam
luridis.

Female. Tawny, testaceous beneath. Head black, white about the eyes ;
antennae testaceous ; abdomen clothed with short black bristles ; legs
testaceous, tarsi piceous ; wings grey, with a lurid tinge towards the
costa; veins black, discal transverse vein nearly straight, parted by
about its length from the border, and by a little more than its length
from the preebrachial transverse ; alulae slightly testaceous ; halteres
testaceous. Length of the body 3^ lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

13. Aricia squalens, n. s. Fam. Nigra, cinereo tomentosa; facie
argentea ; antennis testaceis ; thorace vittis nigris vittisque duabus
lateralibus latis testaceis ; abdomine obscure testaceo ; pedibus piceis ;
femoribus nigris; tibiis anticis testaceis; alis cinereis; apud costam
subluridis ; venis halteribusque testaceis.

Female. Black, with cinereous tomentum. Face silvery white; an-
tennae pale testaceous, third joint long, linear, extending to the
epistoma ; thorax with black stripes, and on each side with a broad
testaceous stripe; abdomen dull testaceous; legs piceous; femora
black, fore tibiae testaceous ; wings grey, with a lurid tinge towards

WALKER ON DIPTEEA OF AEU ISLANDS. 131

the costa ; veins testaceous, diseal transverse vein very slightly
curved inward, parted by much less than its length from the border,
and by a little more than its length from the prsebrachial transverse ;
alulae whitish ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 3 lines ; of
the wings 6 lines.

Subfam. Oetalides, Haliday.
Gen. Lampeogaster, Macq^.

14. Lamfrogaster \entralis, n. s. Fam. Testaceo-cinerea ; capite
apud oculos albo, vertice luteo, facie pallide fulva; thorace lineis
septem indistinctis nigricantibus j abdomine fusco maculis dorsalibus
canis, subtus cavo lateribus ferrugiueis; pedibus nigris, tibiis ferru-
gineo fasciatis ; alis limpidis basi subtestaceis, fasciis incompletis
guttisque fuscis apud costam nigricantibus.

Female. Cinereous, with a testaceous tinge. Head white about the
eyes, vertex luteous; face pale tawny, with white grooves for the
antennae ; antennae tawny, small ; arista slightly plumose at the base ;
thorax with seven indistinct blackish lines; abdomen brown, with
dorsal hoary nearly triangular spots, under side marsupial- like or
with a pouch, ferruginous on each side ; legs black, each tibia with a
ferruginous band ; wings limpid, slightly testaceous at the base, with
brown dots and bands, the latter abbreviated hindward, blackish
towards the costa ; veins black, testaceous towards the base ; diseal
transverse vein straight, parted by about one-third of its length from
the border and by much more than its length from the praebrachial
transverse; alulae cinereous; halteres testaceous. Length of the
body 5 lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

Gen. Tetpeta, Meigen.

15. Trypeta roripennis, n. s. FcRm. Fusca ; capite nigro, facie
alba ; antennis nigris rufo-fasciatis ; thorace vittis quatuor canis ;
abdominis segmentis testaceo marginatis ; pedibus nigris, tarsis hal-
teribusque testaceis; alis nigris, punctis plurimis albis.

Female. Brown. Head black ; face white ; antennae black, third joint
red, linear, rather long, black towards the tip; arista plumose; thorax
with four hoary stripes; abdominal segments with testaceous hind
borders ; legs black, tarsi testaceous ; wings black, with very nume-
rous white points, a few of which are rather larger than the others ;
diseal transverse vein straight, parted by less than its length from the
border, and by more than twice its length from the praebrachial trans-
verse ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 2 lines ; of the wings
4 lines.

132 SMITH ON HYMENOPTEEA OF AKU ISLANDS.

Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects collected by Mr. A. E.
Wallace at the Islands of Aru and Key. By Fbedeeick
Smith, Esq., Assistant in the Zoological Department, British
Museum. Communicated by W. W. Saunders, Esq., r.E.S.,
V.P.L.S.

[Read December 3rd, 1858.]

This Collection of Hymenoptera is the most important contribu-
tion which has been made to the Aculeata through the exertions
of Mr. Wallace ; in point of geographical distribution, it adds
much to our knowledge. In the Aru, Key, and neighbouring
islands, we meet with the extreme range of the Australian insect-
fauna ; and as might be expected, it is found amongst the Yespi-
dious Gi-roup, and in one or two instances in the EormicidsB.
The latter, being frequently conveyed from one island to another,
can perhaps scarcely be considered indicative of natural geogra-
phical distribution. Of the forty-six species of the Eormicidous
Grroup, only six were previously known to science. Of the genus
JBodomyrma here established, one species only, from Adelaide, was
previously known ; it is one of the most distinct and remarkable
genera in the family. The Pompilidce are species of great beauty,
some closely resembling those of Australia in the banding and
maculation of their wings ; amongst the Vespidce will be found
some of the most elegant and beautiful forms in the whole of that
protean family of Hymenoptera.

Earn. ANDEENID^.
Gen. Peosopis.

1. Prosopis malachisis. p. nigro-cseruleo-viridis, nitida et deHca-
tule punctata ; aUs hyalinis.

Female. Length A\ hues. Deep blue-green, with tints of purple in cer-
tain lights, particularly on the head, the clypeus with a central longi-
tudinal ridge, its anterior margin slightly eraargiuate ; the flagellum
rufo-piceous beneath, the ocelli white. Thorax : the wings hyaline
and brilliantly iridescent ; the legs dark rufo-piceous with a bright
purple tinge. Abdomen delicately punctured, the head and thorax
more strongly so ; the latter with a semicircular enclosed space at its
base, which is smooth and shining.

Hah. Key Island.

Gen. NoMiA.

1. NoMiA ciNCTA. iV. nigra, capite thoraceque punctatis, pedibus

ferrugineis ; segmentis abdominis apice fulvo-testaceo late fasciatis.
Female. Length 6 lines. Black : the two basal joints of the flagellum,

SMITH ON HYMENOPTERA OF ARIJ ISLANDS. 183

the apical margin of the clypeus, the labrum, mandibles, and legs
ferruginous ; the wings fulvo- hyaline, the nervures ferruginous, the
tegulae more or less rufo-testaceous ; the sides of the metathorax with
tufts of pale fulvous pubescence and the floccus on the posterior
femora of the same colour, the tibiae and tarsi with short ferruginous
pubescence. Abdomen shining, the apical margins of the segments
broadly fulvo-testaceous, very bright, having a golden lustre.
Hab. Key Island.

2. NoMiA LONGicoRNis. N. nigra, lucida et delicatule punctata,
facie pube brevi grisea tecta, femorum posticorum flocco pallido,
tibiis externe fusco-pubescentibus ; maris antennis, capita thoraceque
longioribus.

Male. Length 4 lines. Brassy, with tints of green on the clypeus, meta-
thorax, and thorax beneath ; the head and thorax very closely and
finely punctured; the clypeus produced and highly polished; the
mandibles rufo-testaceous, the antennae as long as the head and thorax.
Thorax : the wings hyaline and splendidly iridescent, the tegulae and
the tarsi rufo-testaceous. Abdomen closely punctured, the apical
margins of the segments smooth and shining ; the head and thorax
above with a pale fulvous pubescence, that on the sides of the meta-
thorax and legs pale and glittering ; the abdomen has a pale scattered
glittering pubescence.

Hab. Aru.

3. NoMiA DENT ATA. N. nigra et punctata, facie metathoracisque late-
ribus cinereo-pubescentibus, postscutello medio unidentato. Mas.
antennis filiformibus longitudine thoracis.

Female. Length 5 lines. Black ; head and thorax rather finely punc-
tured ; the face covered with short cinereous pubescence ; the clypeus
naked and much produced, the anterior margin and the tips of the
mandibles ferruginous ; the cheek with long whitish pubescence.
Thorax : the sides of the metathorax, the floccus on the posterior
femora and the postscutellum with whitish pubescence, the latter
produced in the middle into a blunt tooth ; the legs fusco-ferrugi-
nous, with the anterior tibiae and apical joints of the tarsi brighter ;
wings hyaline and iridescent. Abdomen shining and punctured, the
apical margins of the two basal segments broadly depressed, and more
finely and closely punctured than the rest ; the apical margins of the
second, third, and fourth segments pale testaceous ; the apical margins
of the two basal segments narrowly fringed with white pubescence,
usually more or less interrupted in the middle.

Male. Resembles the female very closely, but has the face much more
pubescent ; the antennae filiform and longer than the head and thorax ;
the scutellum armed at its posterior lateral angles with an acute tooth ;
the metathorax truncate and slightly concave, its base with short lon-
gitudinal grooves, the lateral margins fringed with long pubescence.

Hab. Aru.

134 SMITH ON HTMEITOPTEEA OF AEU ISLANDS.

Subfam. DastgastrjE.
Gen. Megachile, Latr.

1. Megachile lateritia. M. nigra, abdomine pube ferruginea ves-
tito, alis fuscis.

Female. Length 8 lines. Black ; head and thorax very closely and
finely punctured ; the mandibles with a single blunt tooth at their
apex ; the anterior margin of the clypeus transverse. Thorax : the
wings brown, the posterior pair palest, their base subhyaline. Abdo-
men clothed with bright brick-red pubescence above and beneath ;
the basal segment with bright yellow pubescence above.

Hob. Am.

2. Megachile scabrosa. M. nigra, metathorace antice rude sca-
brato, abdomine subttis nigro-pubescente.

Female. Length b\ lines. Black ; the clypeus, mesothorax anteriorly,
and the posterior tibiae outside coarsely rugose, the roughness on the
thorax consisting of transverse little elevated points ; the face with a
thin griseous pubescence ; the anterior margin of the clypeus fringed
with fulvous hairs ; the cheeks have a long pale fulvous pubescence.
Thorax: the wings hyaline, the nervures black. Abdomen smooth
and shining, with black pubescence beneath ; beneath, the apical mar-
gins of the segments with a fringe of very short white pubescence.

Hab^krw.

3. Megachile insularis. M. nigra, nitida, delicatule punctata,
facie pube pallide fulva vestita, abdomine subtils pube laete ferruginea
vestito, alis hyalinis.

Female. Length 5 J lines. Black; the head and thorax finely and
closely punctured, the abdomen delicately so ; the face clothed with
pale fulvous pubescence, the mandibles with two blunt teeth at their
apex ; the clypeus shining and strongly punctured. Thorax ; the
wings subhyahne with a slight cloud at their apex ; the basal joint of
the posterior tarsi with a dense dark ferruginous pubescence within.
Abdomen : the four basal segments with transverse impressed lines in
the middle ; beneath, clothed with bright ferruginous pubescence ;
the abdomen has an obscui'e aeneous tinge above.

Hah. Aru.

Gen. Ceocisa, Jurine.

1. Crocisa nitidula, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 386. 2.
Hab. Aru ; Key Island ; Australia ; Amboyna.

Gen. Allodape, St.-Farg.

1. Allodape nitida. a. nitida nigra, clypeo flavo, ahs hyalinis, ab-
domine ad apicem punctato.
Female. Length 3 Imes. Black and shining ; the clypeus yellow, pro-

SMITH ON HYMENOPTERA OF ART! ISLANDS. 135

duced in front ; the sides of the face depressed ; the ocelli prominent
and reddish. Thorax very smooth and shining; the wings colourless
and iridescent, their extreme base yellowish, the nervures and stigma
brown, the tegulae pale testaceous-yellow ; the posterior tibiae with a
scopa of glittering white hairs, the tarsi ferruginous and with glitter-
ing hairs. Abdomen, from the third segment to the apex, gradually
more and more strongly and closely punctured.
Hah. Aru.

Gen. Xtlocopa, Latr.

1. Xylocopa aestuans, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 96L 53 $; St.-Farg.

Hym. ii. p. 193. 36 c? 2-
Hab. Aru; India; Singapore; Celebes.

Gen. Saropoda, Latr.

1. Saropoda bombiforrais, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. pt. 2. p. 318. 6.
Hab. Aru ; Australia (Richmond River).

Gen. Anthophora, Latr.

1. Anthophora zonata, Linn. Syst. Nat.

Hab. Aru Island ; Celebes ; Ceylon ; India ; Borneo ; Hong-Kong ;
Shanghai; Philippine Islands.

2. Anthophora elegans. A. nigra, pube capitis thoracisque nigra,
abdomine fasciis quatuor Isete caeruleis ornato; tibiis posticis ferru-
gineo-pubescentibus.

Female. Length 6 lines. Black ; the labrum, a narrow line down the
middle and another on each side of the clypeus, a minute spot
above it, and the scape in front testaceous yellow, the base of the
mandibles of a paler colour ; the flagellum fulvous beneath. Thorax :
the pubescence black; wings subhyaline, the nervures dark rufo-
fuscous, tegulae obscurely testaceous. Abdomen with four fasciae of
brilliant blue, which is changeable, with pearly tints in diflPerent
lights ; the posterior tibiae densely clothed outside with fulvo-ferru-
ginous pubescence ; the pubescence inside is black.

Hab. Key Island.

Gen. Trigona, Jurine,

1. Trigona la3viceps. Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins.,Journ. Proc. Linn. -Soc. ii.

p. 51. 8.
Hab. Aru ; Singapore ; India.

Fam. FOEMICIDiE.

Gen. Formica.

1. Formica virescens, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. p. 355. 23 c? $ ^. — Lasius
virescens, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 417- 8.

136 SMITH ON HYMENOPTERA OF AEU ISLANDS.

2. Formica gracilipes, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins., Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc. ii.
p. 55. 13 ^ .

3. Formica fragilis. F. pallide testacea, elongataet gracilis, capite
postice angustato ; thorace medio compresso, pedibus elongatis ;
squama incrassata triangulata.

Worker. Length 3^ lines. Pale rufo-testaceous, smooth and slightly
shining ; antennae elongate, longer than the body, the flagellum slen-
der and filiform, the scape nearly as long as the h£ad and thorax ;
head oblong, narrowed behind the eyes into a kind of neck, the sides
parallel before the eyes, which are black and round, the clypeus slightly
emarginate anteriorly, the mandibles finely serrated on their inner
margin and terminating in a bent acute tooth. Thorax elongate,
narrowest in the middle, the prothorax forming a neck anteriorly ;
legs elongate and very slender. Abdomen ovate, the node of the
petiole incrassate, and viewed sideways is triangular or wedge-shaped.
Hub. Aru.

This is one of those remarkable forms which recede so greatly from
the normal type of Formica as apparently to indicate a generic distinc-
tion ; but in those exotic species of which we have obtained all the forms,
we find many which approach closely to the present insect, which is
probably only the small worker of some already described species. No
one would venture, without the authority of the personal observation of
some competent naturalist, to unite all the forms of any exotic species of
Formica.

4. Formica flavitarsus. F. nigra, elongata et gracilis; thorace
postice compresso, pedibus elongatis, tarsis flavis.

Worker. Length 4 lines. Black and sub-opake ; head elongate, nar-
rowed behind, the clypeus truncate anteriorly, the mandibles pale fer-
ruginous ; antennae elongate and slender, the flagellum filiform and
pale rufo- testaceous ; the thorax and legs elongate, the latter slender
with their tarsi pale rufo-testaceous. Abdomen ovate, the scale of the
petiole incrassate and slightly notched above.

Hab. Aru.

5. Formica coxalis. F. nigra, nitida; flagello, coxis et abdomiue
subtus pallide testaceis.

Worker major. Length 5 lines. Black and very delicately roughened
with a fine transverse waved striation only perceptible under a good
magnifying power. Head large, much wider than the thorax, oblong-
ovate with a deep emargination behind ; the clypeus slightly produced
and truncate anteriorly, the angles of the truncation rounded, and
with a central shining carina ; the flagellum, except the tarsal joint,
pale rufo-testaceous. Thorax elongate, compressed behind, the coxae
pale rufo-testaceous. Abdomen ovate, the scale of the petiole in-
crassate, somewhat wedge-shaped when viewed sideways, the abdo-
men sparingly sprinkled with long pale hairs.

SMITH ON HYMENOPTERA Or ARTJ ISLANDS. 137

6. Formica cordata. F. pallida rufa; abdornine fusco, capite cor-
date.

Worker. Length 2 lines. Pale rufo-testaceous ; the head heart-shaped ;
the eyes black, the flagellura fusco-ferruginous with the basal joints
pale ; the mandibles ferruginous. Thorax narrow, deeply strangulated
at the base of the metathorax. Abdomen more or less fuscous, the
node of the petiole narrow and pointed above ; the entire insect is
smooth and shining.

Hub. Aru.

The worker minor is rather smaller and has the abdomen darker, in all

the specimens received, but in other respects agrees with the above.

7. Formica oculata. F. pallide ferruginea; capite oblongo, oculis
magnis, thorace compresso.

Worker. Length 2^ lines. Pale ferruginous, with the vertex and apex
of the abdomen black ; the head oblong, the sides nearly parallel, with
the anterior margin truncate ; the mandibles with fine acute teeth on
their inner margin ; the antennae inserted wide apart about the middle
of the head ; the eyes very large and ovate, placed backwards on the
sides of. the head, reaching to the posterior margin of the vertex,
forming as it were its posterior lateral angles. The thorax narrow
and compressed behind ; abdomen ovate, entirely smooth and shining.

Hab. Aru.

8. Formica MUTiLATA. F. nigra ; capite oblongo, truncate antice et
sanguineo, antennis tarsisque rufo-testaceis.

Worker. Length 2f lines. Black and shining ; the head truncate an-
teriorly, the antennae inserted wide apart, about the middle, the face
blood-red before their insertion and deeply striated longitudinally,
behind the antennae the head is black, smooth, and shining ; the eyes
ovate and placed backwards on the sides of the head. Thorax
rounded in front and strangulated between the meso- and metathorax,
the latter obliquely truncate ; legs rather short and stout, the femora
compressed, the anterior pair broadly dilated, the base and apex of
the femora, the tibiae, and tarsi rufo-testaceous, the tibiae with a darker
stain behind. Abdomen oblong-ovate, the apical margins of the seg-
ments narrowly pale testaceous ; the scale of the petiole compressed,
with its superior margin rounded.

Hab. Aru.

This is a very singular insect in many respects, and closely resembles

in form the Formica truncaia of Spinola.

9. Formica quadriceps. F. nigra, nitida; capite antice oblique
truncate, thorace postice compresso.

Worker. Length 3^ lines. Shining black; head oblong-quadrate,
slightly narrowed anteriorly, wdth the sides nearly straight, the pos-
terior angles rounded, and very slightly emarginate behind ; the head
obliquely truncate from the base of the clypeus ; the truncation as

138 SMITH ON HTMENOPTEEA OF ARU ISLANDS.

well as the mandibles obscurely ferruginous ; the apex of the flagellum
and the apical joints of the tarsi pale rufo-testaceous. Thorax rounded
anteriorly, compressed behind, with the metathorax abruptly truncate.
The scale of the petiole narroAV, incrassate, its anterior margin slightly
curved, its posterior margin straight ; the abdomen ovate.

Worker minor. About 3 lines long, very like the larger worker, the
head being truncate in front ; but it is, in proportion to the thorax,
narrower ; the latter is compressed and abruptly truncate ; in other
respects it agrees with the worker major.

Hab. Aru.

10. Formica l^vissima. F. nigra nitida laevissima, sparse pilosa ;
squama oblonga subdepressa.

Worker. Length 4 lines. Jet-black, very smooth and shining; head
wider than the thorax, slightly emarginate behind, the sides slightly
rounded; the anterior margin of the clypeus rounded, the mandibles
striated and obscurely ferruginous ; the scape with a few glittering
silvery-white hairs. Thorax not quite so wide as the head an-
teriorly, narrowed behind, with the disk somewhat flattened, slightly
convex, a deep strangulation between the meso- and metathorax,
the latter obliquely rounded ; the legs and abdomen sprinkled with
glittering white hairs. The node of the petiole incrassate, very slightly
elevated ; viewed sideways, broadly wedge-shaped ; the abdomen ovate.

Hab. Aru.

11. Formica nitida. F. capite abdomineque nigris, antennis tho-
raceque pedibusque rufo-testaceis laevissirnis et lucidis.

Worker. Length 4 lines. Head and abdomen shining black; the
flagellum, thorax, legs, and scale of the petiole rufo-testaceous ; the
legs palest ; the scape fuscous, with its base pale ; the head large,
wider than the abdomen, and emarginate behind ; the clypeus and
mandibles obscurely ferruginous. Thorax compressed, not strangu-
lated in the middle. The scale of the petiole narrow, with its margin
rounded above ; abdomen ovate, and sprinkled with a few erect pale
hairs.

Hab. Aru.

12. Formica scrutator. F. nigerrima, mandib